Ukugudisa - is ... netrigonometri sokulinganisa. iintlobo ukulinganisa

Ukugudisa - uhlobo ngokwemilinganiso geodetic. Ngayo, senza izinto eziphakamileyo relative amanqaku ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi komhlaba. Njengoko inqanaba eqhelekileyo imilinganiselo enjalo bathatha izinto zendalo ezifana ezifana imilambo, iilwandle, iilwandle, amasimi, okanye enye indawo yokuqala. Ngokusisiseko, ukugudisa - inkcazelo lwamaxabiso esingadlulanga phezu nganye bengavumi ngaphezu enikiweyo (reference). imilinganiselo enjalo kufuneka ukuba benze uphando oluchanileyo iindawo zoncedo. Kwixa elizayo, ezi nkcukacha zisetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni izicwangciso site, iimephu, okanye kwizicelo ezithile.

Zeziphi ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo ukulinganisa?

imilinganiselo abanjalo kwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo okanye zobugcisa ezisetyenziswayo. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni na iintlobo eziphambili sokulinganisa. Avamise kakhulu iindlela ezintlanu: a zejometri, netrigonometri, womoya, mechanical kunye hydrostatic imiphezulu yomlinganiselo. ukubazi ngakumbi ngamnye kubo.

unje umoya

Ngale ndlela yokulinganisa, enendawo zisebenzisa umzila ekhethekileyo isixhobo lwezibalo sokulinganisa. adubule mgaqo ukufaka neentsimbi imivumbo kunye ekwahlukaneni neencopho kufutshane kumphezulu efundwayo. Emva koko, usebenzisa umqadi abalibona tye, kulinganiswa umahluko ukuphakama. ukugudisa Geometric lwenziwa ngokungqinelana nomgaqo "phakathi" okanye "phambili". Xa indlela zemilinganiselo iingongoma ezimbini zokuqala umphezulu enyusiweyo abasuke, ifowuni equidistant phakathi kwabo kude. Iziphumo zophando idatha kunene imodyuli elinye phezu kwelinye. Indlela yesibini classic - iyunithi enye yokubeka omnye. Ezi iindlela sokulinganisa zezona common kakhulu. Baye asetyenziswe ekwakheni zombini izinto ezincinci (izindlu) okanye enkulu (kwo).

unje netrigonometri

Kule hlobo yokulinganisa umsebenzi kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba asebenzise izixhobo ezikhethekileyo goniometric, ezo zibizwa ngokuba theodolites. Nabo, lisuse ulwazi malunga eliyi utyekelo umqadi reticle leyo udlula kwisibini lamanqaku ngozi phezu komhlaba. Netrigonometri unje ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa imilinganiselo ngesimo ukufumanisa umahluko yobude bezinto zombini ezikude kakhulu enye kwenye, kodwa sisixhobo woqondo kwi kwindawo ukubonakala.

yokulinganisa womoya umgangatho

ukugudisa womoya - indlela womlinganiselo ngokusekelwe emoyeni xi umoya ngokuxhomekeke ukuphakama kwindawo kumphezulu uzimisele. Inkqubo yokufunda kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa Barometer. Le nkqubo ukugudisa kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo inani lezilungiso ubushushu emoyeni kanye, ukufuma kwayo. Le ndlela ifumene isicelo kwiindawo ezikude (umz kwiimeko ezintabeni) kwi matutu ezithile ezohlukeneyo kunye neznye.

Mechanical (technical) ubuso yokulinganisa

ukugudisa Technical kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ezizodwa isixhobo - umatshini ukulinganisa. Ukusebenzisa ithwalwa sokulandela ngeprofayili ndawo wafunda ikwimo oluzenzekelayo nge kwi diski zochuku, esirekhodisha umgama igqunyiweyo, kunye nelothe yokulungelelanisa amisiweyo, nto leyo ichaza nkqo. Loo isixhobo uqobo zixhonywe isithuthi watyhutyha ukusuka kwenye indawo echazwe kwenye. ukugudisa Technical ukumisela umahluko phakathi kuka izinto ngaye, umgama phakathi kwabo kunye neprofayili ngengingqi, apho esisigxina phezu photowire okhethekileyo.

Ukulinganisa surface Hydrostatic

ukugudisa Hydrostatic - indlela esekelwe kumgaqo amanyathelo iimpahla yokunxibelelana. Ukuthatha le ndlela lwenziwa yi isixhobo hydrostatic, nto leyo isebenza kunye lulahlekiso omise emibini. ukugudisa enjalo ibandla ukusuka iperi netyhubhu zeglasi amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi umbhobho, le nkqubo izele ngamanzi. Inkqubo isikali ngolu hlobo - ityhubhu iqhotyoshelwe yimiqolo apho asakhasayo isicelo. Emva koko iziqwenga zifakelwe ngeenxa zonke izinto zokufunda, kwizahlulo uphawu lixabiso lenani le umahluko manqanaba mabini. Oku kuyilwa has ethile ebalulekileyo, oko kukuthi ukumiselwa kuluhlu yokulinganisa, echazwe yi ubude nethumbu.

Iindlela ezichazwe of ilungelelanise (ngaphandle mechanical) ilula kakhulu kwaye musa ukuba ulwazi oluthile impahla evela kumsebenzisi, ngoko ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kunye namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho.

iiklasi yokukala

iindlela Ezinye ngokwemilinganiso zemveliso, sokulinganisa lungohlulwa lube kwiiklasi okuchaneka. Ngamnye kubo lihambisana uhlobo oluthile kunye nendlela ingcaciso retrieval. Cinga ngoko ke iiklasi sokulinganisa.

1. Iklasi yokuqala kuthathwa ukuba zichaneke kakhulu. Siyafana a random RMS isiphoso 0.8 eemilimitha ngekhilomitha kunye yenkqubo nganye, yi 0.08 mm / km.
2. Udidi lwesibini kwakhona kucingelwa ukuba zichaneke kakhulu. Noko ke, impazamo ingaphezulu kancinci - impazamo RMS yi mm 2.0 / km, kwaye ngendlela - 0.2 mm / km.
3. Kudidi lwesithathu. Siyafana yemposiso koko ka 5.0 mm / km, kwaye ngokucwangcisiweyo ngoyaba.
4. kwibakala lesine. Siyafana yemposiso kuthetha isikwere, nto leyo ilingana 10.0 mm / km, inkqubo kwakhona azithathelwa ngqalelo.

Kuxhomekeka kwiimpawu ngengingqi noshicilelo imisebenzi iseti kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo lokurekhoda data. Umzekelo, polygon, kunye imigca parallel okanye ilungelelanise phezu izikwere. Le ndlela yokugqibela idumile, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi zokususwa data evela kwiindawo ezinkulu ezivulekileyo kunye namacandelo ezincinane noko umnqamlezo ukuphakama. Makhe siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha.

Kuhlaziywa izikwere

Ilungelelanise phezu kwale ndlela lwenziwa ukuze bafumane iindawo ezinkulu-isikali izicwangciso ngesimo esesihlanjeni. ukubeka kakuhle amanqaku bubonwa ngokubekwa kuvunyelwane theodolite. A ukuphakama - by imilinganiselo zejometri ngokusebenzisa ukulungelelaniswa zobugcisa. Inkqubo yokufunda kwedatha iya kwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: ngokuthi ilungelelanise pads ihamba yokuwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwingingqi kunye nezikwere.

Ilungelelanise izikwere asebenza ngokucazulula emhlabeni esebenzisa i tape yokulinganisa kunye theodolite (njengonombombiya abaneemitha amabini icala iseli) xa kulinganiswa kwisikali 1: 500 no-1: 1000, mane iimitha - xa ngokudubula 1: 2000 kunye neemitha ezilikhulu 1: 5000.

Ngelo xesha nye wenza ukulungisa imeko balo mmandla uphononongwayo kwaye ulwandlalo azotywe. Le nkqubo lwenziwa yi ngeendlela ezifanayo njengoko kwisaveyi theodolite. Ukongeza ezincotsheni iiseli, emhlabeni iimpawu esiqingqiweyo izinto zoncedo - plus-point: phezulu nasezantsi yenduli, yaye udini emazantsi umngxuma, ingongoma ngemigca weir kunye yomlambo kunye nabanye.

izizathu ngokudubula owadalwa ngokubekwa imida ngaphandle lwezikweri kwegridi kunye zicatshulwa sokulinganisa theodolite, ezithi ke ngoko eqhotyoshelwe amanqaku uthungelwano bengatshatanga. Ubude kunye amanqaku kunye eziphezulu ze iiseli emiselwe indlela sokulinganisa yemigca. Ukuba icala square metres ezimashumi mane, ngaphantsi koko omnye isikhululo uzama ukwenza umlinganiselo zonke iingongoma defined. Umgama ukusuka isixhobo umtya mayingagqithi kweemitha 100-150. Ukuba icala square ezilikhulu eemitha ubude, kwimeko apho umgangatho ibekwe embindini kwiseli nganye. Ngokutsho Uphando indawo entsimini ilungelelanise izikwere phezulu eli phephancwadi kunye aya imilinganiselo.

Magazine kunye umphandle le sokulinganisa lwezikweri

Le magazini efakiwe data kubungakanani kwigunjana, ubetho igridi ukunqumla izicatshulwa (study geodetic). Ukongeza, elibekiweyo ngokuzibophelela kwi-ndawo izinto - amachibi, iinduli njalo njalo. Kwakhona esidumileyo, yintoni izikhundla kuthwalelwa ilungelelanise mmandla. Umphandle iziphumo kwilori wangena nganye izikwere. Phezulu nencopho ezintle kwiseli nganye kuboniswe yokufundwa ecaleni black elonwabisayo (in meters), kwaye ukuphakama ubalwe. Oku kubalwa lwenziwa yi isixhobo tye. Ezintlomeni eziphezulu ze iiseli umiselwa umahluko phakathi isixhobo kunye elundini kwi ukufunda abasebenzi station.

Ukuze ukulawula kumphezulu inkqubo yokulinganisa kuba eziphezulu ezimbini ilungelelanise iiseli zisebenza kunye nezikhululo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Ukuhlela izinto ezifunyenwe ngokususa iinkcukacha umphezulu kuqala ukulungisa elucwecweni uququzelelo zamanqaku efanayo karhulumente izinto womnatha geodesic zokudubula isizathu (theodolite sokulinganisa-imivumbo), kunye amanqaku, kunye eziphezulu le meko izikwere.

indlela yesicelo

Xa ilungelelanise ummandla isicelo indlela theodolite kunye sokulinganisa izifundo, kwaphulwa ibe nobubanzi phantsi, uhamba kube imigca zendalo uphawu le ndawo, ezifana zokujonga okanye watersheds. Xa amaphepha ezinjalo nobubanzi pickets kufuneka kwaphulwa zemitha mane xa ngokudubula 1: 2000 kunye amabini mboniso kwisikali ka-1: 1000 no-1: 500. Le inflection point izinto stingrays plus-point. Kwinkqubo lokuqhekeza pickets kufuneka kwenziwe ukulungisa le meko kwaye uzobe ulwandlalo. ilungelelanise iirekhodi eziveliswa kule magazini. It yaphawula amanani bokuhlukumeza pickets, iisampuli yimiqolo ebomvu, namnyama kunye umgama yezinto ukusuka kwisikhululo ekufutshane. Ngokutsho iziphumo oluqulunqwe ilungelelanise isicwangciso nezobhalo intsimi, lo ezinqamlezayo kunye profiles longitudinal ngengingqi.

Nesilinganiso wayo advantageously oluqhutywa kwiindawo ekujongwe indawo umsebenzi kuphuculo kunye nocwangciso nkqo kulo mmandla. Ngokomzekelo, indawo kuyilo nezobhalo ezingqonge nasiphi na isakhiwo okanye landscape ummandla igadi kuluhlu.

Yintoni na inqanaba?

Ukwenza imilinganiselo zejiyometri komhlaba, nto leyo ngokubanzi asetyenziswe ekwakheni, wasebenzisa Amanqanaba noyilo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ezi izixhobo, njengoko umgaqo yabo yokusebenza, lungohlulwa lube: elektroniki, laser, hydrostatic kunye optomechanical. Zonke Amanqanaba Telescope ziyaxhotyiswa ejikelezayo elithe tyaba. Uyilo yakutshanje isixhobo sokulinganisa inika imbuyekezo oluzenzekelayo wokukhutshwa yokusebenza ye esqwini olubonakalayo.

imbali unje

Ulwazi lokuqala ukuba umntu mihla ukubamba sokulinganisa sifikelelwayo, kwakucingwa ukuba BC ngenkulungwane yokuqala, ezizezi ulwakhiwo emila eGrisi yamandulo neRoma. La maxwebhu zembali ukukhankanya imitha yamanzi. wokusungula nokusetyenziswa amagama ezinxulumene mandulo nzulu yesiGrike nguHeron of Alexandria kunye umyili waseRoma Marcus Vitruvius. Umfutho uphuhliso lezixhobo kunye neendlela sokulinganisa yaba kukudala ezinjengeetelescope, ukulinganisa, yaye inqanaba ipleyiti igridi gradirovaniya kweteleskopu. Ezi qambo zinxulumene 16-17 kwiinkulungwane th, bavunyelwe ukuba kuqulunqwe inkqubo lokudubula ngqo phezu komhlaba.

In Russia ngexesha uPetros ivenkile woqondo eyasekwayo, apho phakathi kwezinye izinto eziveliswe kunye namanqanaba, kuphela xa zibizwa umgangatho womoya ityhubhu. Ukuphuhliswa ukugudisa kwi workshop abandakanyeke IE Belyaev. Kwangaxesha nye, kwakukho izixhobo umlinganiselo yokuqala, ezo barometers babesebenzisa ezisekelwe. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala elinethoba apho linqanaba lokuqala netrigonometri, ngoncedo lwabo zenziwa kakhulu omkhulu isebenza ukufumanisa umahluko phakathi amazinga Azov kunye Seas Black, ukuphakama nangobude kwiNtaba Elbrus. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zejometri ibhalwe phantsi kwinkulungwane yama-yeshumi elinesithoba. Ngoko ke, ngo-1847, ukuba asetyenziswe ekwakheni Suez Canal. Kwilizwe lethu, lo sokulinganisa zejometri kumphezulu asetyenziswe ekwakheni ngamanzi nezwe. Le ingqalo yayo indalo uthungelwano zikarhulumente zikazwelonke kuthathwa 1871. Ke umsebenzi waqala phezu entengo kunye nokufakwa izinto leyo wakhonza njengoko njengesiseko uphando ngesimo.

Ukusetyenziswa sokulinganisa

Isiphumo ukudaleka womnatha enye ukulungelelaniswa geodetic, nto leyo isisiseko imilinganiselo ngesimo, okanye iindawo ezahlukeneyo ngokwemilinganiso geodetic. Ngokudubula esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngeenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi: isifundo intshukumo umhlaba ezingu ukubacinezela iilwandle kunye neelwandle oscillations.

Ukugudisa lisetyenziswa iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ezinxulunyaniswa nokwakhiwa izinto ezahlukeneyo, engamzondi unxibelelwano, eziluncedo njalo njalo .. Umzekelo, ukuba indawo isikali kuyimfuneko ukugqithiswa izinqumo kwi ephakamileyo, ukongeza, kuba ibandla nofakelo imibutho yenkxaso . Xa usombulula iingxaki ezinjalo, ukusoloko sisebenzisa data ezifunyenweyo ucando. Kwakhona, kuba nje zokusombulula imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ngqo, sebenzisa inkqubo yokufumana data ezenzekelayo. Le misebenzi ziquka, umzekelo, ukulungiswa kunye nokwakhiwa endleleni. Abenzi boluvo zibandakanywa isixhobo sokulinganisa oluzenzekelayo, ekhwele phezu iinqwelo kaloliwe, iimoto, okubangela iprofayili ogqityiweyo ndawo kufundwe ngexesha nje elifutshane.

ubuchwepheshe bale mihla

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngenxa kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kakhulu inzululwazi nobugcisa bonxibelelwano ukuba sokulinganisa kwendawo apho kusetyenziswa iindidi zobugcisa bazi-ngayo.

1. Laser. Isiseko parameters nokusebenza ukufunda ukwindawo isixhobo laser isixhobosovavanyo lwemifanekiso.
2. Ultrasound. Into esisiseko kulo ifowuni esikhupha wave isivamvo cuke.
3. GNSS-technology, oludityaniswe ukufumana uququzelelo lwangoku usebenzise unxibelelwano satellite. Le izixhobo inika ngqo sokulinganisa phezulu kakhulu.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo izixa ezikhulu enemijelo ingcaciso ayifumene ekusebenziseni ngentla ukwazi, kufuneka phambi software efanelekileyo ezithile, nto leyo eza kuphumeza imisebenzi enxulumene zogcino, ulawulo, nokuthelekelela kunye lweenkcukacha.

Iinkqubo Modern ilungelelanise ukuba kwakhiwe umgwaqo

Xa zokwakha mihla yabahambi ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezenzekelayo. Amvumela ukuba ulawule oomatshini ukwakhiwa kwendlela, banikwe indawo yayo yangoku. Ngelo xesha linye ngendlela auto-sokulinganisa luphawulwa ngendlela eliphezulu umsebenzi, iphucula kakhulu umgangatho endleleni obuvelisiweyo kunye kunciphisa ixesha lokwakha. izixhobo ezinjalo ezifakwe pavers, planers, Oogandaganda, kwaye kuvumela nokulungisa umonakalo iziphene ukutyabeka endala xa kufakwa umaleko entsha. Ezi Amanqanaba ulawulo kwithambeka ezinqamlezayo kwendlela, oko kwenziwa ngokuthi ngqo ucacise imida zoyilo. inkqubo womlinganiselo kumphezulu Modern yezixhobo wendlela-isakhiwo yahlulahlulwe iintlobo ngokuxhomekeke zobugcisa ezisetyenziswayo.

1. izixhobo cuke ezinamanani ezahlukeneyo zokuva.
2. inkqubo ukususwa laser.
3. Le fowuni isekelwe satellite GPS-technology.
4. Le nkqubo-ntathu ukuba asebenze kwi-siseko eso sixhobo.

Ukuba kuyimfuneko, nangona oko kufunekayo kunye nokuphelela Upohawu yomsebenzi, ingasetyenziswa enye okanye enye bugcisa self-sokulinganisa.