Periodization - yintoni na le nto? World periodization

Periodization ekunokuthiwa mhlawumbi inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu isifundo uchaphazelekayo nje imbali kuphela, kodwa inkcubeko - izinto, enyanisweni, ezihambelanayo. Ngaphandle ulwazi imithetho utshintsho Ayisichazeli cishe akunakwenzeka ukwakha umfanekiso opheleleyo yehlabathi.

intsingiselo

Ngengqiqo emitsha periodization - icandelo into ibe komsindo ixesha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, eli gama lisetyenziswa ekufundeni philology, imbali okanye nezifundo zenkcubeko. Oko ku imvelo ulwazi lwenzululwazi ngayo ezingxamisekileyo kwaye kuyimfuneko.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukohluka kwango yexabiso periodization kwekota - luhlobo inkqubo kweenkqubo. Ngaphakathi ngokwahlukana enye khona ukuze yesibini, njalo njalo, nto leyo enegalelo inkcukacha, ecacisa gca yaye ingakumbi iziganeko ezahlukeneyo.

iintlobo periodization

Ukususela kwemvelo yayo, uluntu iye yaluphumelela nkulungwane, ayimangalisi into yokuba ubukho bayo lungohlulwa lube kumaxesha. Okokuqala, kulula kakhulu ukuba baqonde, kwaye okwesibini - isifundo. Periodization - uhlobo wokuxuba izibakala kwinkqubo ethile. Kule meko sithetha ngayo iziganeko ezibalulekileyo, iziganeko.

Umzekelo elula periodization nga ngokuba ixesha-ukwabelana yobukho bomntu kweli xesha kunye nexesha leyo eye kuye.

A ukhetho ngakumbi ezithile nezichanekileyo - a periodization eminyaka. Oko kumelwa ku lunee ezimbini: ukubambelela ngokungqongqo ixesha kunye yokungcola kangangeenkulungwane ngokuhambelana nenkcubeko-iziganeko. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo kwi ncwadi iya kwahluka kakhulu kule khalenda.

World periodization jikelele ngaphezu ukwahlulwa ibe kwisithuba ixesha kwilizwe elithile okanye lizwekazi. Eneneni, olu hlobo systematization kunokuba uncwadi nobugcisa, yembali, yaye, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, le khalenda.

Periodization yobuciko

Xa ufowunela umhlakulo umhlakulo, periodization uncwadi, okanye naziphi na ezinye iziphiwo Art qheke ibe kwisithuba iimpawu zokudala. Olu phawu esisiseko kunye uphawu olwahlukileyo.

Ngokwemveli, lo periodization koncwadi, yaye inkoliso nezinye iintlobo ubuchule iquka Antiquity, kwiZigaba Aphakathi, Renaissance, ezimbejembeje, Classicism, imfundo, romanticism, ngokoqobo kunye mihla. Kakade ke, eli candelo ingabizwa ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, ngoba kungenzeka ukufumana izifundo ezongezelelweyo kwiziko ngalinye kula maxesha: sentimentalism, yokuhlobisa, naturalism, kunye nabanye.

Kubugcisa (ukupeyinta, izakhiwo), eli candelo igcinwa kwi engundoqo, kodwa ezinye ixesha kungangabikho nje. Ngokomzekelo, akukho namnye umbuzo ilungelo ubukho kwexesha ezimbejembeje kwimbali umculo, kodwa ubudala wokukhanya, njengoko inyanzelekile ukuba uncwadi, kummandla we sandi elahlekileyo - kwexesha elinikiweyo loluka ngokupheleleyo classicism.

Oku kubangelwa imisela imiba ye periodization - umahluko kuphuhliso iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nokusekwa sokumiswa yaye, ngokunjalo, ihlabathi izigqibo kumazwe awahlukeneyo. ngenxa yalo msebenzi ukwahlukana kwixesha ixesha elithile Ngu ezimbini nzima.

Periodization yoqulunqo uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi zabantu, yaye abantu ngokwaso, njengoko senditshilo, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini: zeziganeko kunye neempawu zembali. Ukuze eze umzekelo ethile, indlela elula babuyele endleleni thaca periodization yoncwadi kwimeko ezinye zobugcisa.

ixesha

Ivula inkcubeko yehlabathi kudala. Uninzi abaphandi bayavuma ukuba eli xesha eyaqhubeka de BC ngenkulungwane yesihlanu. Enyanisweni, ngokuba abantu, eli xesha ekunokuthiwa enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo - ngexesha lamandulo iziseko zehlabathi-bulumko, ubuhle kunye logic. Poetics Aristotle xa ithe kuseyinto enye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, eli xesha, uluntu kukho ukuqonda ezobugcisa zibonakalisa leyinene - Art mimetic.

"I Odyssey", "Iliad", nto leyo wabeka isiseko Epos zehlabathi, Avele ngamakhoboka.

Xa emhlabeni yesayensi yenkcubeko ukuba selikho, yamkeleka ukuba igama eli xesha yobumnyama. Okokuqala, ngeli xesha kwakukho inkqubo ingcinezelo epheleleyo yonqulo lomzimba kunye nobugcisa njengoko injalo. Ihlabathi liphela aguqulwa ukuba unqulo, Thixo, umphefumlo. Amaxesha Kwamacala oyiNgcwele, kuzingelwa gqwirha nobukho izicatshulwa kuphela ephathelele ibandla. Ekubeni periodization - ingqiqo kakhulu ezihambayo, kukho ukwahlulwa ngakumbi abanemvume phambi kwexesha nasemva kwexesha. Lo mzobo idumileyo ixesha kuthathwa ukuba wabe Alighieri ebizwa imbongi yokugqibela kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye imbongi yokuqala Renaissance.

ngexesha elitsha

Iqala ixesha entsha c le BC ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu kwaye kuyaqhubeka ekupheleni elinesithandathu. Uluntu ebuyela iminqweno yamandulo kunye anthropocentrism, iyeke theocentrism iyonke wangaphambili. Renaissance banika ihlabathi Shakespeare, Petrarch, uLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo.

Sobuciko - yenye maxesha ezininzi bala inkcubeko yehlabathi, isiqalo semnadtsatyy- kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Ihlabathi kweli xesha ngokoqobo ebhankini, abantu eyiqonda ukungabinakuzikhusela yayo yonke, ukuba transience yobomi, esazibuza intsingiselo yobukho. Ngeli xesha wayesebenza nguBeethoven kunye Bach, Rastrelli kunye Caravaggio, uMilton kunye Luis De Góngora.

Classicism kumazwe amaninzi, ngangosuku eleshumi elinesixhenxe ukuya kweyeshumi elinesibhozo. Eli lixesha alandelayo imifuziselo ezona yamandulo zobuciko. Okwangoku ekuhleleni yomoya imigca ezicacileyo texture efanayo. Kule ncwadi kukho ukwahlukana engqongqo ibe neentlobo aphezulu, aphakathi kunye ephantsi. Ukuba ezaziwa zobugcisa ufumbethe ukuya iSivumelwano Nikolya Bualo. Racine, Corneille, Lomonosov, Lafontaine - apha ke abameli edume kakhulu le ncwadi yamandulo. Umculo kwakhona Haydn kunye Mozart.

Kuba classicism walandela yiEnlightenment, olwaqhubeka kwaze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Le njengoloyiso ngokwenene rationalism, ukulwela ukuqonda kunye nokuqonda, uloyiso ingqondo yomntu. Defoe, Swift, Fielding wema ngelo xesha kwi phezulu imbonakaliso ubuhle ingcamango.

Jikelezisa art

Romanticism, ngokubuyisela yiEnlightenment ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo, ngoko nangoko wangena ingxoxo ngokubhekiselele siseko esisikhokelo. Lo mkhwa kwimizobo ijonge, phezu koko, ukuba abaleke nengqiqo, ukuba spiritualize ubomi babantu, ukuze ndivakalise iminqweno inkululeko. Byron, Hoffmann, abazalwana Grimm, Genrih Geyne kungcono yabonisa lolawulo ethile.

Ngokoqobo, nto, waqalisa zikhuphisane romanticism, evakalisa ukulahlwa epheleleyo kwamnandi, twisiseka, umntu etsomo. "Ubomi ukuba yintoni na" - oko kukuthi postulate esisiseko ulwalathiso. Gyustav Flober, Honoré de Balzac, Stendhal kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Kule kanye olunye

Kwixesha elizayo, uncwadi nobugcisa ekhulisa, neendlela ezintsha ukuvela: kwimpucuko, post-kwimpucuko, avant-garde. Periodization wophuhliso ingcamango womntu kuhlala ngonaphakade. Kusenokuba amacandelo amatsha ngakumbi nangakumbi kwamasebe zokwenene. Kusoloko ihamba phambili, ukuya iinkwenkwezi kunye ezinzulwini kunazo zonke. Isicatshulwa kunye nokuvulwa kanaphakade.