Ukuze iiseli bacteria luphawulwa phambi ntoni? Ingakumbi isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi kweseli ziibhakteriya

Ukongezelela 5 kwizikumkani ngemvelo, kukho iindidi ezimbini superkingdom: prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes. Ngoko, xa siqwalasela indawo taxonomic iintsholongwane, kuya kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Bukhosi lweseli.
2. Superkingdom Nuclear-free.
3. Ubukumkani prokaryotes.
4. iintsholongwane Subkingdom.

Kutheni ezi zinto ziphilayo zenza eyahlukileyo taxon? Eyona nto kukuba iiseli iintsholongwane luphawulwa bubukho kwezinye izinto igunya istampu ngokukwazi ukuhlala basebenzisane kunye nezinye izidalwa kunye nendoda.

Ukufunyanwa kwe iintsholongwane

Ukufunyanwa kwe iiseli iintsholongwane kuphela kunye nophuhliso zobugcisa. Ngokukodwa, 'umnqwazi ngo-1695 godu ngemicroscope nokugunyazisa wamkhulisa 300 maxesha. Oku kwenziwa Italian Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek. Le Isazinzulu wajonga amathontsi bakhe Ukusungulwa amanzi amdaka, yaye wabona ukuba enyakazelayo nje ezincane. Wabiza animalkuli kubo.

ubungqina Indubitable bobukho babo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngqo kuphuhliso zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo xa umntu sele lwenziwe enkosi experiments Lui Pastera.

Emva kwakhe le ndawo, Iintsholongwane ezininzi ziye zaphawulwa kwaye efunda. Development mikrobilogii (inzululwazi micro-eziphilayo) baya amanyathelo olunzulu phambili.

Ngokukodwa ke, yintoni iimpawu isakhiwo iseli ziibhakteriya, iintlobo ngeentlobo zazo kwaye imilo, ixabiso kunye nendlela yokuphila izifundo icandelo eziphilayo - ngeebhakther. Okwangoku ke, ngokusondeleyo ngamazinga kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi: eziphilayo zonyango, ezinto eziphilayo ezinto biophysics, ibhayoloji isithuba kunye nabanye.

Iimilo kwegciwane iiseli

Abo several.

1. isakhiwo Globular okanye coccoid. Yahlulwe:

• micrococci -, abameli ezincinane kakhulu sodwa;
• diplokokki - isimaphambili "di" lithetha "ezimbini" (oko kukuthi, iintsholongwane eqokelelwe ngezibini);
• tetrakokki - Ifom chetyrehstrukturnye eziphilayo;
• iStreptococcus - ungqukuva bacteria koloni buthathwa kwitsheyini eyodwa;
• sartsiny - imbonakalo ipasela 8, 12 okanye 16 izakhiwo;
• staphylococci - ithanga iintsholongwane ngohlobo ligquba seediliya.

2. inegciwane, okanye neentsholongwane intonga-ezimile. Ziyashiyana ngokwemimiselo eziliqela.

• imilo: okulungileyo nokubi;
• ngobukhulu: elincinane, eliphakathi okanye enkulu;
• emise izakhiwo terminal: wakhomba, elirhangqiweyo, zinqunqwe, eqinileyo;
• ngamaqela kunye nendawo: olunye, diplobatsilly, streptobakterii.

3. Crimped. Yabelana ku:

• vibrio - kujikwa kancinane kwisangqa;
• spirilla - luphawulwa izixa ezahlukeneyo curls.

4. spirochetes. Yabelana ku:

• leptospira - emise S;
• Borrelia - 12 curls kubume;
• Treponema - 12 ukuya curls amancinci-ubungakanani 17.

Ngokucacileyo, ngokuba iiseli amagciwane luphawulwa ubukho iifom ezahlukeneyo ukumelana naziphi na iimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Iimpawu wentlangano noshowo

Bacterium akulolize ukwahlukanisa kummandla wendalo. kwafunyanwa amadoda ukuba kufumaneka engaphakathi, uphando iindlela kunye neenkqubo zobomi. Ngenxa yoko, kwacaca ukuba kukho ezinye iinkalo ubume yeseli yebhaktiriya.

Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezinkulu ezifunekayo ukuze ilungu ngalinye le ubukumkani.

1. Ubukho isemi-akubonakali plasma ndizayo.
2. Engamanzi yangaphakathi medium - kukho icytoplasm, apho kukho izinto yemfuza kunye ribosomes.

Kwakhona iiseli amagciwane luphawulwa ubukho kunye nezakhiwo ozikhethelayo. Ezifana:

• cell udonga;
• microcapsule;
• ukufakwa;
• esela;
• philisi;
• iimbambano;
• flagellum;
• yencindi pericellular.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha, ziziphi iimpawu ngesakhiwo yeseli yebhaktiriya.

isakhiwo cell

Ngaphandle ngalinye bacterium egqubuthele cytoplasmic ndizayo. Esi sakhiwo umaleko ezintathu-umbutho phospholipid-protini. efana kakhulu kubume kunye nokwakhiwa esiseleni yezilwanyana ndizayo. Xa kubhekwa ebonakalayo ngemicroscope ngokucacileyo ephezulu nesezantsi nocamba Bakhona kuba mnyama nala phospholipids. Middle - ziiproteni kwabonakala kuye kuqatshelwa yonke inwebu, ngoko ezingundoqo.

Eyona Umsebenzi cytoplasmic ndizayo - semipermeable kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuba bakhethe ukuthuthwa kwezinto kungena yeseli nangaphandle kuyo. Kwakhona ke isithintelo, ubonelela inqanaba eqhelekileyo uxinzelelo osmotic, kunye iseli turgor (imilo body).

Ukuze iiseli bacteria luphawulwa ubukho kukho icytoplasm - isemi-ulwelo lwangaphakathi medium, ezo izinto ezibalulekileyo. nokubunjwa kwayo umkhenkce

• protein;
• polysaccharides;
• granules glycogen;
• beta-butyric acid;
• volutin.

ukukhathalelwa komntwana ngamnye, organelles iseli, sokuvalwa kukho icytoplasm.

Ribosomes kunye nucleoid

Njengoko kuyo nayiphi iseli eukaryotic, xa elingena na isixhobo yayo yemfuza. It is a coil esinabantu zipakishwe yomoya DNA kabini-ndixakene ukuba chromosome eyodwa. Esi sakhiwo Asiyo eyahlukileyo ukusuka kukho icytoplasm karyotheca kwaye ngoko engabizwanga ngumongo, kunye nucleoid.

An izinto ezongezelelweyo yemfuza, baphangalala bemka kuloo kukho icytoplasm ke isakhiwo ngokuba plasmid. Ukuba isetyhula DNA, ke yenzeni eyongezelelweyo imisebenzi ilifa amagciwane iiseli.

Ribosomes - lincinane izakhiwo ngobuninzi esichitha-chithwe kulo icytoplasm. uhlobo lwabo thaca iimolekyuli RNA. Ezi granules ke imifanekiso apho kunokuqatshelwa iqondo ubudlelwane kunye nesikhundla ngendlela nohlobo oluthile iintsholongwane. umsebenzi wazo - indibano iimolekyuli protein.

philisi

Ukuze iiseli bacteria luphawulwa ubukho inwebu ezikhuselayo yangaphakathi, ukwakhiwa kweengongoma ezahlukileyo ze leyo polysaccharides uzimisele okanye polypeptides. izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuba njengezingxobo. Ukwahlula phakathi ngemithamo kunye macrocapsules. Esi sakhiwo abunjwe hayi kuzo zonke iintlobo, kodwa kuninzi lwabantu, kodwa oko ayisosinyanzelo.

Olukhusela philisi ukusuka bacteria yeseli? Phagocytosis ngu omzimba umkhosi, ukuba iintsholongwane izifo. Okanye omiswe kunye ukudibana nezinto eziyingozi, xa sincokola ngayo kwezinye iintlobo.

Yencindi nokubandakanya

Kwakhona isakhiwo ozikhethela iintsholongwane. Yencindi, okanye glycocalyx, ngokusekelwe umchiza kukho polysaccharide mucoid. Inokubuyiselwa amiliswe ngaphakathi iiseli, kunye nee-enzayim yangaphandle. Kakhulu enyibilikayo emanzini. Injongo: uthimbo iintsholongwane ukuya zeendawana - adhesion.

Inclusions - a micro-granules xa kukho icytoplasm ka ezahlukeneyo imichiza yendalo. Ezi isenokuba iiproteni, acid, nucleic okanye polysaccharides.

movement organelles

Iimpawu ze iiseli iintsholongwane nayo ebonakaliswa motion yayo. Kuba le misila abakhoyo, anokuba inani ezahlukeneyo (ukusuka kwelinye ukuya ezininzi kwekhulu iseli ngalinye). Isiseko yomsila nganye - le flagellin protein. Ngenxa yezehlo zokucima elastic iintshukumo ezinesingqi ukusuka ngapha nangapha iintsholongwane ukuhamba esithubeni. Msila kuqhotyoshelwe i-plasma ndizayo. Indawo angayitshintsha kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Pili

Nkqu sokurhuqa ngaphezu misila, izakhiwo inxaxheba:

• encamathele zeendawana;
• ukutya namanzi-ityuwa;
• ukuzala.

Yakhiwa protein pilin, inani labo besukelana ezininzi ezilikhulu kwiseli nganye.

Ukufana ne plant cells

Bacteria kunye iseli isityalo zifana omnye ezahlukahlukeneyo - phambi kodonga cell. Noko ke, ukuba izityalo oko bokuba kuba ukuba iintsholongwane ukuze ndikho zonke iintlobo, oko kunxulumene nokusetyenziselwa kwizakhiwo engeyomfuneko.

Khemikhali Ukubunjwa eludongeni yeseli bacteria:

• murein peptidoglycan;
• polysaccharides;
• lipids;
• neeproteni.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le Isakhiwo umaleko kabini: nomphandle wocango. Umsebenzi owenza iyafana kwiseli eludongeni kwezityalo. Luxhasa kwaye olo imilo umzimba rhoqo yaye uyasikhusela ngoomatshini.

ibihlungu ukwakheka

Yintoni na isakhiwo yeseli ziibhakteriya, Siye sahlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha. Kuhleli kuphela ukukhankanya ukuba lentsholongwane ingaphila iimeko ezimbi ixesha elide ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa nempumelelo.

Bephumelela ngokwakha ebizwa ingxabano. Oku akunanto yakwenza yokuvelisa ikhusela kuphela iintsholongwane iimeko ezingalunganga. Imilo ye imbewu kunokuba ezahlukeneyo. Xa abuyisele eziqhelekileyo iimeko yokusebenza dispute iqaliwe kwaye ikhule ibe iintsholongwane esebenzayo.