Yintoni imiphumo obafunyanwa ngokwezelizwe?

Ekupheleni kuMbindi Ages inkqubela zeteknoloji yaseYurophu kukhokelele ukuvela kwezixhobo navigation ezitsha kunye neenqanawa apho babengoomatiloshe of the World Old waqalisa ukuvula umhlaba omtsha. Ezi zifundo ziye zakhokelela ekubeni iinguqu ezinkulu kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu.

I Conquest of the World New

Ukuqala ngexesha of eendawo ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu ingqalelo ngo-1492, xa Hristofor Kolumb wafumanisa Melika. Phantse zonke Yehlabathi Elitsha owamiswayo ukuba izinto Spanish. Kwizithuthi aseYurophu amazwe aphesheya ibe ngumthombo ingeniso kunye nezibonelelo ezinqabileyo, kuquka amatye anqabileyo. Le ubudlelwane okubonisa eMelika wayebunjwa iziphumo zokuqala Discoveries Geographical Omkhulu. bamathanga Spanish mercilessly ukubatshabalalisa kwabantu bomthonyama okanye abahlali balapha wenza amakhoboka. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yingozi kuphuhliso lonke eli lizwekazi.

iminyaka eli-150 ukususela imbonakalo abasemzini eMelika, abantu bomthonyama yehliswa amaxesha-15. Inani labemi amadoda omeleleyo bahlohlwa ukuya emigodini, apho kwakufuneka ukuba asebenze yinkohlakalo. Ngenxa yoko, sinciphise wenzala kunye neentlobo kwezolimo zemveli wénza. Eminye imiphumela emibi geographical ezifunyaniswe - izifo rhoqo zizifo ezibulalayo aseYurophu amaNdiya.

Ukuncitshiswa yabemi bomthonyama of America

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVI baseSpeyin baqalisa sselyat basekuhlaleni ematyotyombeni ezizodwa ibekwe kufuphi kwimigodi. Aba bantu kufuneka ukuba, kwelinye icala, ukwenza imisebenzi yoluntu, yaye kwelinye - ukukhangela ukutya iintsapho zabo. Yokufika baseSpeyin kwi koloni encinane. Ngcembe bakha ezinawo ekhethekileyo labemi - abamhlophe sele ezelwe Yehlabathi Elitsha, yaye phantse akazange abe amatyathanga lizwe nonina. Aba bantu Babizwa nazo. bangobani zigcinwe ngenxa yokuba ayehlala nabanye amaNdiya.

Labantu bendawo ukhukuliseke ngokuhamba kwexesha. Wanyamalala amaqela lonke eentlanga kunye nezizwe. iilwimi zasekuhlaleni kwafakwa Spanish. Ukongezelela isiCreole, iqela mestizos - inzala zemitshato elingumxube phakathi baseYurophu namaNdiya. Xa XVII kwinkulungwane yaqalisa inkqubo efanayo nabantu yalapha abamnyama ebonakala eMelika ngenxa kokurhweba ngamakhoboka. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni mulatto. Lilikhulu nomphakathi wabo kwavela zeCaribbean, kuquka eCuba kunye esiti, apho uqoqosho linye yachuma.

kukungxawu yobuhlanga

Zonke iintlanga (amaNdiya, baseYurophu, mulattos, mestizos, Negros, nazo) uvaliwe apho, zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye imo zabo zomthetho kunye nezentlalo. Ubukho iindidi sele limiselwe ngumthetho Empire Spanish. Imiphumo obafunyanwa ngokwezelizwe waza wagqiba kwelokuba isikhundla ekuhlaleni kuluntu lobukoloniyali elitsha likaThixo kuhlanga lwakhe kunye nobuhlanga.

amalungelo Relative ngokupheleleyo baseYurophu ifunyenwe kuphela nazo. Mestizos, ngokuchaseneyo, ayikwazanga nomhlaba, sibe isixhobo, ukuhlala ekuhlaleni, nangona bengazange ukuba bakhonze inkonzo yabo emigudwini. Disenfranchised onke Indians.

lobuKristu

Ukuqala yebali, imiphumo the Discoveries Geographical Great - konke oku kwenza ngaphandle impembelelo webandla ukuvulwa yaseYurophu kweCosta Rica. I-Portuguese kwaye baseSpeyin baba ngabokuqala ukuwisa ngenkani ubuKatolika kwimimandla oyisa of America. Ababingeleli ngabom musa ukubatshabalalisa kuphela izithethe zobuhedeni, kodwa kanye inkcubeko yabantu bomthonyama Yehlabathi Elitsha. ezikhumbuzo yamandulo Ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nezinye neempawu elidlulileyo langaphambi kobuKristu.

Elibonakaliswe imiphumela Church xi obafunyanwa ngokwezelizwe, imbali yathatha iinkulungwane eziliqela, oko livuselela iinkumbulo zoqhankqalazo kunye ukuxhathisa iintlanga. zaqalwa rhoqo kwanyanzeleka ababingeleli Oobhishophu ezininzi ukutshintsha inkqubo yayo, iyenza lithambile yaye liyachitha ngakumbi. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa inkcubeko Indiya, ewatyhutyhile a Ukuhlasela abangcangcazelisi baseYurophu nangoku asinda yaye alondolozwe.

operation black

Yehlabathi Elitsha ukuba baseYurophu mthombo izixa omkhulu lwezibonelelo. Kuba gesi yabo nemveliso lwafuna ixesha elininzi yobukhoboka. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, abantu American baphulukane lincitshiswe. I isigqila namaNdiya ezincinane akwazi ukuhlangabezana kulawulo izicelo.

Ewiliko kwale impi yaba ukuvela ukurhweba ngamakhoboka Intambo. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVI, kuye kwasekwa inkqubo yonke ukufaka amakhoboka e West Africa kunye yokuhamba eMelika (ubukhulu becala Brazil, Colombia, kwiziqithi zeCaribbean Islands kwaye i US ngezantsi). Inkoliso yabo lithunyelwa osuka eCongo Basin.

Ukulwa ubukhoboka

Ukuhlola impembelelo eendawo ezifunyaniswe (Grade 7), ahlale ngalo mbandela, nto leyo ayimangalisi xa ucinga isikali into eyenzekayo kangangeenkulungwane. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo ukugxothwa ngenkani kwiminyaka 400 liye phantsi abantu abathile 17 million. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ugqala urhwebo ngamakhoboka Intambo njengenye kwephulwa ezinkulu amalungelo oluntu kwimbali.

Ekulweni ubundlobongela abamnyama yaqala ngenkulungwane XVIII. ENgilani, imibutho bokuqala amalungelo oluntu, eyayisazisa uluntu malunga neemeko ezinzima eziphilayo zadalwa amakhoboka. isimo esibi ebukhobokeni kunye LamaQuaker of America. Kukutshintsha emva mvukelo ikhoboka odumileyo baseHaiti weza. Wawuqala iminyaka elishumi (1791-1804 gg.). Ekugqibeleni, abasemagunyeni French ndivumile ukoyiswa wanika ukuzimela koloni.

kokuphathwa

Amanye amazwe aseYurophu ngayo kwenzeke ntoni eHaiti uqaphele. Kuye kwacaca ukuba ukunyuka kwenani amakhoboka aya mandundu imeko aseMerika kuphela yaye kuya kukhokelela imfazwe eqhubekayo. Against la mazwi urhwebo ngamakhoboka Intambo kwaba ngokuthe ngezigaba. Noko ke, kwezinye iingingqi umyalelo omdala okungu ebunzimeni.

Kwi-US, ukurhweba ngamakhoboka wabhangiswa ngowe-1807. Noko ke, kukho ihlala yokukhotyokiswa. Oku ekugqibeleni bupheliswe kuphela phakathi ku-1860. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eUnited States iphumele kuqala ungquzulwano kwezoqoqosho uze zomkhosi emantla mveliso kunye nakumazantsi khoboka ithi, iphalale yona ibe imfazwe yamakhaya wamagazi. urhwebo ephelileyo apha amakhoboka ukususela Afrika ngo-1888, owakubhangisayo okunene eBrazil.

yonobangela yezoqoqosho

Eminye imiphumo obafunyanwa ngokwezelizwe ziye zakhokelela ukuba utshintsho olukhulu nakanye, kodwa kuphela xa isikali izizukulwana ezimbalwa. Ngokomzekelo, bona, kunye nezinye izinto ziye walonakalisayo feudalism lwaseYurophu, weza endaweni ongxowankulu. ubudlelwane Market baye basungula ukususela landa inani lezinto bathengisa. Yaba ukutya ezinqabileyo Asia kunye nobutyebi American.

Naziphi na iinkampani zorhwebo enkulu, kunye namagunya emikhulu emanzini baqalisa ukuba akhuphisane nabanye kungekuphela edabini kodwa kuqoqosho. ngemiphumo ezifunyaniswe ngokwezelizwe ezifana 'revolution ixabiso "eYurophu ngenkulungwane XVI, xa bavuka nge malunga 400%, wajika imeko yezopolitiko kule sixeko. Abaphumeleleyo amazwe kunye nophuhliso yemveliso yorhwebo (England kunye Netherlands). Ngokuthe ngcembe, bamgxotha kwimalike malunga emphaya lobukoloniyali endala (Portugal ne Spain), nto leyo ekugqibeleni bafika kukho ukuhla kakhulu.

Utshintsho kwicandelo

Amathanga waba market capacious lwangaphandle ukulungiselela ushishino. Ezi nguqu zikhokelele lunengxaki imifela zamaxesha, abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno enyukileyo. Endaweni umsebenzi useleyindoda ukwenziwa nkulu. Kuye wasebenzisa ukwahlulwa yabasebenzi, ukuba kakhulu ukunyusa isikali kwimveliso. Ukuguqula Data Umphumo waba xi yekapitali noohlohlesakhe.

Oonobangela kunye neziphumo ezifunyaniswe ngokwezelizwe bazuzile kumazwe omnye aseYurophu kwaye kakhulu yonakele enye. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvela yemarike US ibingayinciphisanga ukubaluleka korhwebo kwiMeditera, ukuba ngesibetho buhlungu kwizixeko Italian. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ngamaXesha Aphakathi the Republic of eVenice Genoa, bawela emaxongo kakhulu.

amaziko amatsha yorhwebo

Ukususela imizi Italian iwonga kwamaziko ngamazwe urhwebo lwaselwandle bafudukela Seville, eLisbon, Antwerp. Umzekelo eli zibuko Dutch ingakumbi sityhila. Ngenkulungwane XV, Antwerp iye ingongoma ebalulekileyo kwentengiso ngelaphu IsiNgesi, isiFrentshi kwakunye nesiJamani uboya metal. Ngenxa kwafunyanwa amazwekazi ezintsha kwizibuko Dutch kurhwebo ugxile impahla bobukoloniyali kunye nobulawu.

Antwerp waba yinqontsonqa yayo imali yaseYurophu. ofisi zabo Wavuleka zonke iibhanki nomi iifem of the World Old. Kukho kwakhona kwavela lonaniselwano stock. ziziphumo ezibaluleke obafunyanwa ngokwezelizwe imbonakalo nokudlulisela inkqubo efunekayo ukuze mboleko urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwakukho lokuphepha mihla: iibhondi, amanqaku promissory kunye nezabelo.

Capitalism indawo feudalism

Small kwindawo Netherlands ngokukhawuleza yaba kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kuphuhliswa ilizwe eYurophu. inkqubo yabo nkulu elasebenzayo ngakumbi feudal (ngokuqhelekileyo Spain kunye Portugal). Eyokuqala imibuso zamakoloniyali bafumana iingeniso ezinkulu, kodwa hlungu ukuchitha kuzo kwisiqulatho abasebukhosini kwinkundla yakomkhulu. Thatha ithuba iimpawu ezintsha oosomashishini bamaNgesi kwaye Dutch ezamahala banceda amazwe babo ukuze babe lithi bazizityebi kakhulu nempumelelo ngamaxesha mihla.

exchange Columbian

Xa kubomi bemihla baseYurophu iziphumo zesiqhelo Discoveries Geographical Omkhulu ezichatshazelwe kakhulu ngendlela yokuba kwi World Old, iimveliso abasemzini ezintsha: ikofu, ikoko, icuba, tomato, iitapile, iti kunye nobulawu. izilwanyana uhambisa, izityalo, ubugcisa, kwaye impumelelo nenkcubeko kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi ukuya omnye wabizwa utshintshiselwano Columbus.

E Melika, ngenxa yale nkqubo, kwakukho iinkomo, amahashe, iigusha, ingqolowa, ikofu, umqhaphu, iswekile njalo njalo .. Ezinye iintlobo bafudukela kwezinye amazwekazi ngabom. Ezi ziquka iimpuku, amabhungane Colorado, ezinye ukhula. Ukuzama ukuchaza into imiphumo kumhlaba ezifunyaniswe Great sichaphazele ubomi Europe, izazinzulu iqalise igama elitsha: ". Neophyte" Eli ligama enikwa izityalo zibonakele kwenye kuba nezityalo ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantu. Ngenxa yoko, imiphumo obafunyanwa ngokwezelizwe, le theyibhile ingezantsi obonisa, kubonakala kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi bomntu.

impiriyali

Ngenxa kokoyiswa bobukoloniyali, imibuso yaseYurophu waqalisa ukulawula ezininzi zehlabathi. Ngoko kwakukho umyalelo omtsha yezopolitiko - impiriyali. uphila yokuqala yaba Spain. Kokutshabalalisa imo eyoyikekayo Inca kwaye Aztec, ukuba uye endaweni yayo, ukudala emafeni abo American nangokunyanzelwa ngqongqo kunye nenkqubo yabasebenzi amakhoboka.

Ngoko ke umzekelo Spanish wakhonza prototype sepolisi Dutch lobukoloniyali, Great Britain, France kunye namanye amazwe. Ukutshatyalaliswa abantu bomthonyama, yaye ukuphelisa zamahlelo enkolo. BaseYurophu woyisa zonke iindawo zehlabathi ngaphandle Middle East and East Asia. Kwingingqi yaqhubeka impucuko yaseTshayina Japanese. Omabini la mazwe baye ngamathuba athile uzame ukuyiqhuba kwindlela isolationism yi bamathanga ndlongondlongo.

Oonobangela kunye Iziphumo the Discoveries Geographical Great redrew imephu kwezopolitiko zehlabathi. mbuso zamakoloniyali waqhubeka khona kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Abokugqibela babo Lanikwa amazwe inkululeko oyisa (ingakumbi kwi-Afrika) kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX.