Zingaphi izithili federal Russian, nokuba zezantoni na?

Kule minyaka imashumi-mihlanu idlulileyo, ilizwe lethu liye bakulityhutyha eninzi ingxokozelo, kuba nefuthe elithe ngqo phambili ikamva lalo. Eyokuqala kuzo - ke Ukuwa kweUSSR, nto leyo ethetha ukuba Kucinywe yonke le nkqubo yolawulo loluntu, ilandelwe yi ukuyilwa kwilizwe elitsha - i-Russian Federation.

ingxaki Administrative

Russia bekusoloko ukuyilwa omkhulu indawo, ukulawulwa ngempumelelo nto leyo ebonisa iingxaki ezithile. UMbuso Russian yabanjwa ngenxa ngamandla yedwa soMhlekazi, owayephethe izixhobo ze uyilandela nkqu iinkqubo zincinane, ke unikwe lizwe wahlanganisa njengenxalenye wohlaziyo kummandla wolawulo. Ixesha lokuqala ebudeni bolawulo Petra Velikogo, KuloMgabuli ilizwe lonke libe ngamaphondo okhokelwa iirhuluneli, nabathetheli kwimimandla nabo kuphendula iikholeji ezithile, ngoko ke ukumkani izama ukungena kwinkqubo isigaba emithathu yolawulo. Noko ke, kwezinye iindawo ezibe kummandla amanye amazwe aseYurophu ngokulinganayo, ngoko ke Ukongezelela wavelisa ukwahlulwa ibe kumaphondo ngaphezulu. Ngokubanzi, kuphuculo ukusa kumkhamo othile kuhlengahlengiswa ulawulo, kwaye iziko lwanikwa ithuba ukulawula ngaphezulu zokusebenza phezu kwimimandla ekwanti. Noko ke, kwakusekho akukho ngaphantsi ecacileyo.

kumava embali

Ekulungiseni lo meko, uKumkanikazi noqhubeka inguquko entsha. Ngowe-1775, umthetho wakhutshwa kwi kulwahlulo eRussia kumaphondo 51 nto leyo, yahlulwe izithili. Ekhokelwa, njengokuba ngaphambili, ke irhuluneli, kodwa wenza utshintsho ezinye ezibalulekileyo. Ukuze ulawulo wangena isithuba kweRhuluneli-Jikelele, simanyene phantsi iindawo zakhe eziliqela umyalelo, zonke 1775 kude 1917 ngaba lwenziwe 20 Urhulumente-Jikelele kunye ezizodwa iyunithi yolawulo-ndawo - yokubusa neAsia. Njengoko ubona, le nkqubo efana kakhulu kwisiThili Federal, nayo leyo zatshintsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo. UCatherine II urhulumente wenze oko ukwenzela ukomeleza kweliso abasemagunyeni bathi- ukulawula isenzo kweerhuluneli inciphise amathuba zoqhankqalazo kunye ukunganeliseki ebantwini. Eneneni, sinako ukuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza izixhobo lolawulo kwaye ingenalo novelwano.

Inkqubo Soviet yolawulo

I Revolution of 1917 yazisa utshintsho kulawulo lizwe. KwiBolsheviks ekuqaleni wanika emaphandleni kunye nakwiindawo ezikude ngamandla amakhulu. Yeyiphi kamva kwabangela ukuba ukubhukuqwa ngamandla yiSoviet kwezinye iingingqi. Ngenxa yokuqonda impazamo yakhe, ngokukhawuleza SNK waqala ukutshintsha amaqhinga kunye nesicwangciso-qhinga isixhobo solawulo. Xa zokusekwa kwe-USSR owamiswayo ukuba imigaqo federalist zombutho karhulumente, kodwa eneneni onke amagosa iqela amandla ilawulwa, kwaye xa sisondela isifaniso kunye uBukhosi Russian, kuye kucace ukuba umongo ayikatshintshi. Kwaye kuphela igama itshintshile. Umzekelo, ungena oonobhala ezahlukeneyo party kumphakamo endaweni iirhuluneli kunye nabanye abalawuli yengingqi abaxhasa isiyalo isinyithi abo "ngamafa." The degree of lonke kwixesha yiSoviet, ifikelele incopho yawo kwaye inqanaba baso eliphezulu kakhulu zabalawuli.

Zingaphi izithili yase Russian?

Ukuwa eSoviet Union kunye "kuluhlu sovereignties 'elandelayo Russian Federation azibeke phantse yayisecicini ekungafuneki. iindawo ezininzi urhulumente waqalisa umthetho wayo, esibe ephikisana federal, ulawulo lommandla eyinkunzi yaba phantse zero. Kule meko, Russian uMongameli V. V. Putin ugqibe ukuba ukuvuselela ulawulo inter-yommandla kunye scheme ecacileyo engqongqo ngaphantsi. elandelwa umongameli "On kwizithili federal" ngoMeyi 2000. iiyunithi Kuphela 7 ziye zadalwa. Yiloo bangaphi kwizithili federal Russian ekuqaleni oko. Imida batsalwa umzekeliso kukwahlukana amasebe uMtshutshisi Jikelele. Iqale ukwakha inkqubo enamanqanaba ezintathu-ngokucacileyo control. Inani lezithili federal eRashiya utshintshile ngaphezu kanye, ukuba iye yanxulunyaniswa iziganeko yezopolitiko, yaye kube lula eendawo. Le nkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni yezi nguqu amelwe uluhlu olubanzi imithetho yase. Ukuqeshwa kwisikhundla sokuba isithunywa njengoMongameli District Federal uvelisa intloko karhulumente.

Izizathu ezopolitiko ngenjongo utshintsho nobume

Nokuba bangaphi kwizithili Russian federal ngalo mzuzu, banikwa utshintsho yakutshanje (ingakumbi kwi- District Southern Federal labelwe esona District North-abaseAfrika Federal)? Ngo March 2014 ngokunxulumene nophuhliso lwezopolitiko Ukraine kunye zimvo eCrimea kwabunjwa ngomnye kwisithili federal -Krymsky District. Ngenxa yoko, sinokuthi kukho izithili nje 9 federal, ephendula umbuzo malunga indlela izithili federal eRashiya. Ukudala inkqubo enjalo karhulumente yaqinisa ulawulo lorhulumente federal phezu mimandla, ngaphandle kokunikezela siseko engundoqo umanyano yezi zinto, i-Russian Federation Akukho ndlela phantsi koMgaqo-siseko. isiseko yowiso izifundo of Russia yeziswa ukuthotyelwa komthetho ngokupheleleyo federal. Federal District of Russia kwimephu eli lizwe ziphawulwe imibala eyahlukileyo, ukuze ngokukhawuleza bana phandle apho kwisiphaluka, kunye nemimandla ziqukiwe kule yunithi yezolawulo.

Sokugqibela umfanekiso iyunithi yolawulo-lwengingqi Russian Federation

Sele Wababela kunye nenani DOF kwaye ngoku ukuqonda, yintoni izithili federal eRashiya khona. Kwaye yiloo nto ikhangeleka njani:

• Central Federal District (eMoscow).
• Federal District North-West (St. Petersburg).
• Southern Federal District (Rostov-on-Don).
• North-abaseAfrika Federal District (Pyatigorsk).
• Far District Federal Eastern (iyavuma).
• Siberian Federal District (naseNovosibirsk).
• Phambene lizuze (Ekaterinburg).
• IVolga Federal District (Nizhny Novgorod).
• ICrimea lizuze (Simferopol).

Zonke ezi yunithi zixhomekeke ummeli ogunyazisiweyo intloko karhulumente, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ukuba ilawulwe ngqo kuMongameli of Russia. iindawo yakhe yobungcali iquka imisebenzi yokubeka kunye nolawulo, apho phiko lwasungulwa, owakhiwa kwizithili ezahlukeneyo angafaniyo inani kumasebe. Okwangoku, sinokuthi kwisithili yase Russia (ukwakhiwa iiyunithi) bahambelana neemfuno ichazwe ngentla apha yalo kurhulumente.