Zoology - inzululwazi yezilwanyana. History of zezilwanyana

Zoology - ukuhlola izilwanyana, esele ukufunda kwi uhlobo ahambelanayo (Animalia). Ezi ziquka zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilileyo, batya ukutya protein, carbohydrate kunye namafutha. Ezi ntlobo zezityalo ahluka ngenxa yokuba rhoqo kwakufuneka nokulungelelanisa ubomi izinto zemvelo kwimithombo ethile. abameli nezilwanyana ezininzi bayakwazi ukuya ngokuzimeleyo. Amakhowa bezisoloko ingqalelo izityalo. Noko ke, sibona ukuba banalo ikhono lokunciphisa izinto eziphilayo ezivela kwimithombo yangaphandle. Kukwakho ezinjalo eziphilayo apho nokulungelelanisa istarch iimolekyuli ezingaphiliyo. Ngelo xesha linye azinayo nako ukuqhubela. Ngamanye amazwi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ingqiqo jikelele kwaye ziqaqambisa neendlela ezizezinye phakathi izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, njengoko azikho.

ngayo umcimbi

Kulo mzekelo, kukho ukwahlulwa ibe imiyalelo ezininzi, nto leyo umahluko kuxhomekeke apho into uphando yaye yintoni iingxaki zezifundo. Zoology - inzululwazi, nto leyo yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezimbini eziphambili. Ezizezi ukufunda ezingenamqolo kunye ekuyo. Kwakhona kwezi ndawo zingabandakanya ezinjalo iinkalo:

- Protistology. Kulo mzekelo, ukufundisisa elula.

- yenyani - isifundo yeentlanzi.

- Helminthology - isifundo ziimpethu olwaye lwamfimfitha.

- Malacology - isifundo molluscs.

- acarologists - ukufunda amakhalane.

- ngezinambuzane - ukufunda izinambuzane.

- carcinology - ukufunda kwezilwanyana eziphilayo.

- Herpetology - isifundo ezirhubuluzayo eziphila.

- Ornithology - ukufunda zeentaka.

- Theriology - isifundo ezincancisayo.

Kubaluleke kangakanani ngezilwanyana vanhu?

Khawucinge ngale nto ngakumbi. Kunokuba iyinqaba kule inzululwazi imbali. Izilwanyana Zoology yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi babantu. Xa sijonga la bantu, ukuziphatha, izakhono, abo abantu bokuqala ukuba siqonde ngcono okusingqongileyo. Ngapha koko, abantu kwafuneka afunde kuzingela iintaka kunye nezilwanyana, emanzini, ukuba azikhusela njani ngokwabo kumarhamncwa njani, kwaye kumkhokelele ndawoni ebomini. Kwaye zonke ezi zakhono bakwazi ukufunda kwizilwanyana. Zoology - inzululwazi eneengcambu bamandulo kunye nembali umdla zizityebi.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala BC ngenkulungwane IV ngale isayensi akufunde iincwadi sisazinzulu enkulu - Aristotle. Le nkalo. Kwincwadi yakhe uchaza imvelaphi nama-500 iintlobo zezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo. Abanye kubo igazi elibomvu, yaye abanye baze ngaphandle kwayo. Kwakhona imisebenzi yalo Scientist mazwi ixabiso kweentlobo ngasinye isilwanyana, ngokunjalo nophuhliso lwabo kunye nesakhiwo. Oku inkcazelo eneenkcukacha yale encyclopedia.

KumaXesha Aphakathi waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa eli bali science. Zoology ngonyaka ngamnye bafudukela linyathelo elibheka phambili. Ezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo malunga isilwanyana, lowo ubesazeka kumaxesha amandulo, ziye olityelweyo. Izazinzulu sajolisa ingqalelo zabo kukufuya, ezingela kunye nentlalo-ntle yezilwanyana. wasiyeka landa kwakhona kuphela Renaissance. Nangona ukunikela ingqalelo navigation kunye norhwebo. Ngenxa zobuntlola intlaninge yenziwa, ejolise isifundo iintlobo ezintsha izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, nto leyo engazange abe nantoni eyaziwa ngaphambili.

Karl Linney naye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso zezilwanyana. Nguye zazihlela ihlabathi yezilwanyana wabanika amagama zenzululwazi ngokuzimisela ngasinye kuyo.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi iphele imbali kwale nzululwazi. Zoology kakhulu yaphucuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX. Oku emva kokuba UCharles Darwin wapapasha incwadi ku "The Origin of Species Esebenzisa Ukhetho Natural". Xa umsebenzi wakhe wabonisa ukuba into ethile. Ihlala yokuba ihlabathi kuguquka ngenxa ukhetho zendalo. Oko kukuthi, abantu abatsha wathwala umzabalazo sobukho kunye basinde, kwaye kuphela kakhulu ahlale. Ngenxa yoko isiseko zezilwanyana - inzululwazi isilwanyana - waqalisa ukuba nokuguquguquka ngokukhawuleza. Inkqubela iya kwaziwa kwi KABLOOM. Kuya kubakho inkcazelo iintlobo ezintsha.

Kwakhona ngembali ukuyilwa Zoology uya kwaziwa eRashiya emva kokuba zobuntlola ngasempumalanga kumantla eSiberia. Baye wenziwe A. F. Middendorfom, N. M. Przhevalskim, bake-Tyan-shan. Kwathiwa wenziwe zobuntlola yezenzululwazi Central Asia kwi embryology I. I. Mechnikovym and A. O. Kovalevskim, kunye kwesayensi - V. O. Kovalevskim, e Physiology - I. M. Sechenovym and I. P. Pavlovym.

Zoology namhlanje

Oku kungaquka zizo zonke zehlabathi izilwanyana yenzululwazi. Oku kuthatha ingqalelo indlela ethile. ezizezi:

• Zoology umntu.
• Kwesayensi - ukuhlola izilwanyana entsalela kunye nenguqu kwinkqubo yokuba izinto zazivelela.
• Physiology - nasekufundweni kwemisebenzi zeeseli kunye nenyama xa iyonke.
• Ikhonkco ibalulekileyo zezilwanyana - eziphilayo. Sinikezelwa ubudlelwane phakathi ihlabathi isilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto. Ixilonga ifuthe lazo ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, oko kukuthi, ulwalamano lwabo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, izifundo ngezilwanyana iintaka, ezincancisayo nezinambuzane. le nenzululwazi laye yahlulwe yangamacandelo ezizodwa umbono lula. Oku kuza kucaciswa kamva.

Eyona engundoqo amacandelo Zoology

Ezi ziquka:

• Systematics yezilwanyana. Le nenzululwazi ecacileyo. Uqwalasela izilwanyana. It iphatha ukwahlulwa ngokweendidi, ukwakha lwemigangatho. Kwakhona, eli candelo libonelela inkcazo yendlela yaye kwakutheni ukuze ihlabathi isilwanyana, njalo-njalo.
• Le morphology kwezilwanyana. It is a isayensi lifunda isakhiwo umzimba wesilwanyana.
• Animal Ecology. It zinginginya olungenamiqathango yokuhlala kunye nokumisela ubudlelwane kunye izilwanyana zakhe.
• Okanye morphology lokuthelekisa yendaleko. It is a isayensi lichaza imvelaphi zezilwanyana kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona kuyanceda ukuchaza zazivelela isalamane.
• Ethology. Kukho lwenziwa ku dyondza yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana ngexesha zazivelela.
• Zoogeography. Le inzululwazi ujongile yokuhlala, ukufunda isakhiwo lwezilwanyana ezikhoyo bume ezahlukeneyo.
• Paleozoology. Kukho yenziwa isifundo yezilwanyana kokubhalwa kwembali. Eli candelo uyafana isayensi ufunda ngendaleko izilwanyana.
• Physiology. Eli candelo oluqhutywa ukufunda imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo izilwanyana.

In zezilwanyana jikelele - yinto inzululwazi, oludityaniswe ngqo kunye nezinye iinkalo kunye neendawo. Umzekelo, ukuba abe nolwalamano olusenyongweni kakhulu amayeza.

ihlabathi ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana

Yena inkulu kakhulu kwaye multi-amaninzi. Izilwanyana ezihlala yonke - emasimini, emaqeleni kunye namahlathi, umoya, iilwandle, iilwandle, amachibi kunye nemilambo.

Kweli hlabathi lethu, kukho abantu abafana gazi abaye bakhetha ezihlala kuyo isilwanyana okanye abantu. Abantu kule hlobo kunokubonwa izityalo. Umzekelo, le ezinqunquthayo, iintwala kunye nezinambuzane.

Ixabiso isilwanyana

Kukho abantu abaninzi ezizuzisa indalo nje kuphela kodwa umntu. Umzekelo, ukuba iinyosi, amabhungane, iimpukane amabhabhathane. Umungu iintyatyambo ezininzi kunye nezityalo. Kwakhona kubalulekile kwindalo kunye neentaka. Kukusa imbewu imigama emide.

Kukho izilwanyana eziyingozi kwizityalo, ndizitshabalalise izityalo. Nangona kunjalo, oku ayithethi ukuba ubukho babo ingamampunge. Basenokuba ikhonkco kuzo chain yonikezelo abantu ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zonke izinto ezibangela ukuba unalo ixabiso zezilwanyana. Zoology kweli cala yinto nenzululwazi kubalulekile.

izilwanyana zasekhaya nezasendle

Kuba umntu ngamnye kubalulekile ukufumana iiproteins kunye izakhi inyama. Ngaphambili, kwakukho iivenkile kunye iivenkile, le mveliso yafunyanwa kuzingela. Emva koko, abantu bafunda ukuba intlanzi, ndizuze izakhono ukufuya kwakhe.

Kwabantu bafunda domesticate izilwanyana zasendle kwaye usebenzise ngayo iinjongo zabo. nokuzalana kwakhe wenza kube lula ukufumana iimveliso ezifana inyama, ubisi, amaqanda, njl Enkosi izilwanyana, abantu bafunda ukuba ukuvelisa uboya, iintsiba kunye eluswini, wasebenzisa ukuba iimfuno zabo.

Malunga 10 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo umntu zaqala ukuba zizilwanyana zasekhaya ingcuka zasendle. Zizo ezo ookhokho okuqala izinja. Noko ke, ngoku, ezi zilwanyana izihlobo uthembekileyo nonyanisekileyo zabantu.

Kodwa umsebenzi nemfuyo lwaqala ukufuywa amahashe. Bona sele kwabendlu.

Ukungaboni kunye nokufana zezilwanyana

Bonke abantu kwezinto eziphilayo anikwe ukwahlula ngokodidi, isakhiwo, yokuphefumla, ukuzala, uphuhliso, njalo-njalo. Izilwanyana zahluka kwezityalo ukuba abanayo neselulosi istili esiqinileyo. Badla eziphilayo izinto esele zenziwe. Animal luphawulwa intshukumo esebenzayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba nomfumana na ukutya.

isiphelo

Konke oku kubonisa ukuba oko nsimbi le nkcazelo. Zoology idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi zonke eziphilileyo emhlabeni. Oku kuye ekuxoxwe ngazo ngaphambili. Yonke into ezihlangene kweli hlabathi. A ngezilwanyana - kuba bubomi ngokwayo.