Ukuhamba kweproclastic. Ukuqhuma komlilo

Kwiminyaka edluleyo, ukuqhuma okukhulu kweentaba zenzeke. Oku kunika ukutya ukuthetha malunga nokuza kwehlabathi eliza kuhokela, ukuba kungengokupheliswa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngoko ke, nangona kunjalo, ekunciphiseni okubonakalayo kubantu.

Volcano

Ukuqhaqha kwamanzi ngeentabaphe ngaphaya kwemichilo okanye iziteshi kwiindawo ezijikelezayo zeplanethi yethu, apho i-lava igeleza, iigesi kunye namatye aphuma emathunzini omhlaba, abizwa ngokuba ngumnxusa wamandulo. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-volcano yintaba eyenziwe yimveliso yeemfucuko.

Iintlobo zeentaba-mlilo

Kukho ukwahlukana kwale miqashiso ukuba iphele, ilele okanye isebenze. Ukutshabalaliswa kokuqala, ukuphazamiseka, kungabonakali nayiphi na imisebenzi. Abo balele babizwa ngokuba yiintaba-mlilo, ukukhuphuka kwabo akufumaneki, kodwa iifomu zabo zigcinwe, iingqungquthela zenzeke esiswini. Ababambeleyo yilezo ezinokuthi zenzeke ngoku, okanye umsebenzi wabo waziwa kwiimbali, okanye ulwazi alukho, kodwa i-volcano ikhupha iigesi namanzi.

Kuxhomekeke kukuphi uhlobo lomzila okhuphayo, ziyakwazi ukuqhekeka okanye eziphambili.

Ukuphazamiseka

Iziphazamiso zide kwaye zifutshane. Ukuthatha ixesha elide kuthwala loo nto eyenzeka iminyaka emininzi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kwaneenkulungwane. Ixesha elifutshane-abo bahlala kwiiyure ezimbalwa nje. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwemibhobho, eyaziwayo kwimbali, zidla ngokukhawuleza, kodwa zinamandla kakhulu kumandla okutshabalalisa.

I-harbinger ingumngcipheko ngaphakathi kwe-volcano, izandi ezingavamile, idwala le-volcanic ejected. Ekuqaleni kwenkqubo, kubanda, emva koko kufakwe indawo yokutshisa i-debris ne-lava. Ngokomgangatho, iigesi kunye neziqhekeza ezahlukeneyo ziphakama ukuya kubude beekhilomitha ezingama-5. Kukho ukuqhuma okunamandla ngakumbi: umzekelo, uNameless waphonsa iziqwenga zedwala kwindawo ephakamileyo yeekhilomitha ezi-45.

U kukhutshwa

Ukukhutshwa kwevolcanic kufumaneka kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo ukusuka kumthombo-ukuya kumawaka amashumi eekhilomitha. Ngokuxhomekeke kumandla okuqhaqhaqha kunye nemali yezinto eziqokelelweyo, i-debris ingafikelela kumashumi eekhilomitha ezili-cubic. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho umlotha omkhulu womlilo onokuthi ubumnyama obumnyama buhleli.

Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-lava, kodwa emva kokuqhuma okukhulu, ngamanye amaxesha kukho udonga olomeleleyo lwe-ash, igesi kunye namatye. Ukuhamba kwe-pyroclastic. Ubushushu balo bangaphakathi buqala ukusuka kuma-100 ukuya kuma-800 degrees. Isantya sinokuphakama njenge-100 km / h, kunye ne-700.

Ngokutsho kophando olutsha, ngexesha lokuphuphuma kweVesuvius, kwakukho ukuhamba kwe-pyroclastic eyabangela ukufa kwabantu abaninzi. Ngaphambili kwakukholelwa ukuba abemi basePompeii bafa ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa, kodwa i-data ye-X-ray yokufunyanwa kwezinto ezifunyenwe zifunyenwe omnye umfanekiso. Ngoko, izazinzulu ziqinisekile ukuba ubomi bemihlali baseHerculaneum noStabi bawususa ukuhamba kweproclastic, iqondo lokushisa elalisondela kuma-degrees ama-800. Ezi zixeko zombini zahlutha ubuso bomhlaba ngomzuzwana, abemi babo bafa kwangoko. I-Pompeii yafikelela kuphela kwimizila yesine ye-pyroclastic, iqondo lokushisa "lalikuphela" malunga nama-degrees ama-200. Le ntembelo isekelwe kwimeko yeengxowankulu: abemi beedolophisa batshisa amaxhepha, izidumbu zasePompeians zazinyanzeliswa ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganiswe ngomlotha kwaye zikhukhula nge-lava.

Ukuhamba kwe-pyroclastic ye-volcano iyakwazi ukuhamba ngaphandle kwehlabathi, ilula kwaye iyanciphisa imithintelo. Izinto ezinzima kwindawo ekuhlaleni kuyo, kodwa igesi iqhubekela phambili, nangona ilahlekelwa ngamandla ayo kunye namalahle. Ukuhamba kwamanzi, ukuhamba kwe-pyroclastic iyakwazi ukuphakama ngaphezu kwinqanaba lolwandle.

Ukuphazamiseka kwexesha lethu

Kule minyaka eyikhulu edlulileyo, kukho iinyikima ezininzi ezinkulu eziye zenza utshintsho kwiimeko zezulu kwihlabathi lonke. Kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo yazisa izinto ezininzi ngaphezu kwezinto ezinzima. Amawaka, amashumi amawaka abantu abafa ngenxa yokuqhuma, imizi ichithwa, iihektare zomhlaba ocebileyo azifanelekanga.

Ngaphezu koko, emva kokuqhuma kunamandla kakhulu, imozulu kuzo zonke i-continent zitshintsha. Iimbumba ze-ash ash volcanic zihlala emoyeni, zibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga. Ixesha lokugqibela lokushisa ngexesha lonyaka emva kokukhuphuka kwakuphantsi kwee-3 eziqhelekileyo kwiiplanethi yonke.

Ukugqithisa kunamandla kunkulungwane ye-20 kwenzeka ngo-1911 ePhilippines. Babulala phantse abantu abangamawaka nesiqingatha, iliwa le-volcanic lalala ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini eekhilomitha ezili-1,9 zomhlaba. Okwangoku, le mlilo ibhekwa njengenye yeyona yingozi.

Inkathazo

Uninzi lwazinzulu lukholelwa ekubeni kukho into embi kakhulu esilindeleyo kwixa elizayo. Kwiminyaka emininzi, iingcali ziye zafunda iJongstone. Abanomdla epakini, into enomdla ukutyelela abavakhenkethi, kodwa i-volcano, ehlala kuyo yonke indawo yayo. Ububanzi balo buyii-70 km, ekholelwa ngokungafaniyo kwiinkalo ezinjalo. Ukongezelela, umthombo we-magma awukho iikhilomitha ezili-100 ukusuka phezulu, kodwa i-8-16 km kuphela.

Ngokwenzululwazi, ukuqhuma kweJongstone kuza kutshabalalisa iMelika kuphela, kodwa kunye enkulu, ukuba ayinayo yonke into, inxalenye yezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukuhamba kweproclastic will demolish everything at a distance of more than a hundred miles from the source, i-ash will cover the majority of the USA, Canada.

Iinyikima ezinamandla ziza kubangela i-tsunami enkulu kwi-Ocean Ocean. Amagagasi amakhulu angakwazi ukufikelela nakwiindawo eziphambili zamazwekazi. I-Megatons yezinto ezifakwe emoyeni aziyi kuvumela imisebe yelanga ukuba ifike emhlabeni, kubangele ubusika kunye nekhenkliya ebusika. Ngokweziganeko ezahlukeneyo, kuya kuqhubeka ukususela kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwe-5. Ngeli xesha, ininzi yezityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu baya kubhubha.

Kucingelwa ukuba kuphela kwiinyanga zokuqala zokuphila kuya kulahlekelwa enye yesithathu yabemi behlabathi. Kwaye ukufa kokungabikho kwamanzi kukuphakamileyo, kuba kuya kuhlaselwa ngendawo enobuthi. Emva kokuphela konyaka wobusika, abasindileyo baya kubonakaliswa kwintsebenzo emangalisayo yokutsalwa kwamathambo.

Ixesha le-cataclysm alinakucaciswa ngokucacileyo. Nangona inzululwazi ayikwazi ukuvumelana malunga nexesha eliza kwenzeka ngalo, ukubiza ixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwe-75 (ukuqala kokuqala namhlanje), bonke bayaqiniseka ukuba ukuqhuma okunamandla okunjalo kuya kuba. Umbuzo oyintloko uhleli: xa kanye ...