Intelligence loluntu njengengqiqo

wavuma jikelele inkcazo ingcamango "zentlalo ubukrelekrele" mhlawumbi ayikho. Okunye ngqo, kukho utoliko baninzi kangaka kuwo isetyenziswa iisayikholojisti zezikolo ezahlukeneyo. Ingqiqo kukodwa a kota elitsha yaqaliswa kuqala kwi ngokwasengqondweni yathandwa yi Thorndike usapho American isayikholojisti, umhlaba ophantsi okrelekrele intlalo enozinzo ibhekisele ekukwazini ngamnye ukuba ukuqonda umbono kubudlelwane ngo-1920.

Ngowe-1994, iqela ehamba iisayikholojisti yaseMelika umzamo ukuqulunqa iikhrayitheriya ezingundoqo into enkulu efana ubukrelekrele. Iinkolelo engundoqo yolu ukuzimisela zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ngengqondo lwenzelwe engqondweni ngokubanzi umntu, ochazwa ubuchule ukusombulula imisebenzi, ukuba kwimo engqongileyo, ukucinga ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo, yaye bafunde ngokukhawuleza kumava.
• Ukwenziwa kwembali intsapho yakhe unendima ebalulekileyo ngaphezu bume.
• Ubukrelekrele akufani ubomi. Kunokuba ngokwanda, ngokuyinxenye bazinziswe ekwishumi elivisayo ebudaleni. Kuphuhliso abadala ngokwasengqondweni oluntu, njengoko umthetho, oko kufikelela kwinqanaba elithile, yaye emva koko isifundo encinane ukutshintsha.
• Lohlakanipho ukuze kulinganiswe iimvavanyo. iimvavanyo IQ yenzelwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo impembelelo ubudala, imfundo, imiba ulwimi, kwaye uvavanyo echanileyo esikalini ophuhliso lwengqondo. Noko ke, ukuba abayi ngokwenkcubeko conditioning, t. E. Nmb ukunika uvavanyo kwinjongo test ubuchule bokubala abavela kumaqela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo elime yoluntu.

Iintlobo ingqondo, ngokutsho ingqiqo ka "multi-ubukrelekrele" UMnu Gardner inokuba nomahluko (kukho ezisixhenxe). Olu hlobo intelligence ubhalo-zemathematika, ngamazwi-yeelwimi, ezibonwayo-lwesithuba. Njengoko kwakunye zomculo enesingqi, emzimbeni-injini, intrapersonal kunye nabanye abantu.

intelligence loluntu njengengqiqo ezisekelwe kwiintlobo obuvakalayo zokunxibelelana kwaye ibandakanya uphuhliso lwezakhono zonxibelelwano, ukukwazi ukufumanisa ukuba abafowunelwa kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane, t. E. olwahlula uphuhliso kwisigaba entlalo yomntu ngamnye. Le ngcamango wesithathu ke kwiimvakalelo nobukrelekrele, t. E. Ukukwazi wokubona ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo iimvakalelo zabo kunye nabanye 'kwaye ukuqikelela nophuhliso zengqondo kunye nezenzo zabanye.

Ngokutsho kwenye inkolelo (ngokwendlela ngengqondo British Eysenck ingqiqo kwaye abazincedi) intelligence kuchazwa eziphilayo, ezentlalo kunye kwengqondo. Ngaphezu koko, xa kuthelekiswa ukuya kukwakhiwa komzimba (zemfuza uzimisele), ubukrelekrele kwezentlalo, ngokutsho nzulu, ngenxa yabantu kunye nonxibelelwano zokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwasekwa inkqubo yokufumana amava.

Kungoku zinakanwa ulwahlulohlulo olugqityiweyo kaYohane. Guildford amacandelo ezintandathu. Le ubuchule bokwahlula eyiyo atolike unxibelelwano ngomlomo kunye non-ngomlomo, ukuseka imithetho jikelele kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, ulwalamano phakathi iinkalo ezithile iinkcukacha, bamba logic yophuhliso imeko lulonke kunye nokutolika ngokufanelekileyo ukuziphatha kwabantu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye ukuba kwenzeke ngenxa yezenzo zakhe kunye nabanye.

Ngu R. Selmani intelligence lwentlalo kuphuhliso yayo iya kwizigaba amahlanu, nganye kuzo iphawulwa kwinqanaba elitsha self-lwazi, indawo yabo, abahlobo kunye nabazali.

Ngelo zero nqanaba (pre-zentlalo) kwindlela yokuziphatha yomntwana kugcwele egocentrism. Umntwana zingenako okwangoku ukwahlula bona ehlabathini ngaphandle, ukuze babelane ngeemvakalelo zabo kunye neengcinga, kunye nabanye.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala (ezentlalo) uba wazi buqu uchazo esahlukileyo kwaye wahlukile kwabanye. Kule yesibini nqanaba kukho nokukwazi reflection. Umntwana sele ukwazi ukuqonda umntu enye kunye umbono wakhe. Inqanaba lesithathu (idla 10-12 iminyaka) luphawulwa ukuyilwa self-yesazisi, ukumisela indawo yayo kwisakhiwo yonxulumano.

Xa Isigaba sesine kuza ekuqondeni ubunzulu kunye ubumbaxa ubuhlobo babantu, ulwazi imfihlakalo ye-ngamnye kwaye ubukho amanqanaba eziliqela yentsebenziswano, kanjalo zakha izakhono yokuziphatha oqolileyo.