Louis XIII: biography

Indlela yokufumana isiFrentshi ngokwabo, iinoveli ngekrele, ikrele uAleksandr Dyuma wanika lo mfanekiso kakhulu nzima-embetha iNkosi uLouis XIII. Le umnqweno buthathaka kwaye gutless kunye ziyatshintsheka, nengqele, kwaye enobundlobongela costive, ibekwe Thunzi Richelieu omkhulu. Kodwa enyanisweni, lo mlawuli engaziwa kangako, ukuba sijonge kuyo, kwaye usithe uzuko kayise Henry IV, unyana ka-Louis XIV.

Kwiminyaka 33 wobukumkani bakhe, ubukumkani France yahlukile kakhulu. Kubekho njengedibanisa amandla kunye nolawulo, uphuhliso lorhwebo kunye weenqanawa. Kamva, le iziqhamo ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo unyana wakhe uLouis XIV.

Dauphin (iminyaka 1601-1610)

Louis XIII - ke, unyana ka-Henry IV, uKumkani France kunye Navarre kunye Marii Medichi. Wazalwa ngo-1601. Le umshado dynastic kuphela, ziyilelwe ukulondoloza nempembelelo French eItali, ukujoyina Florence kunye France yindlalifa. Kwakhona kufuneka babhale ngaphandle namatyala French kwi kubalondolozi sale. Ukumkanikazi oselula wazala oonyana abathandathu, kubo ababini kuphela yafikelela mdala - Louis XIII kunye umzalwana wakhe Gaston, iNkosana Orleans. Umntwana ekhula phezulu enqabeni Saint-Germain-en-Laye, kunye oonyana abangengabo Henry IV kaThixo. It ufundisa wayo kukulawula Albert De Luynes. Yena ofaka umntwana uthando ukuzingela, ehamba phandle, ukupeyinta, kunye umdaniso, ukudlala izixhobo zomculo, le harpsichord kunye Ngoweentambo ezilishumi. Kodwa ke ulawulo karhulumente de Luynes umntwana ningekalungi. UYise uyamthanda Louis kunye ngokucacileyo izahlule abantwana bakho. Kungenjalo, libhekisela kunina. Ukhetha ukuya Gaston. UMariya Medichi Wathi Louis kade yaye eyinzwana kakhulu. Kodwa Louis akazange abe flustered, nangona neentloni bakhe bemvelo, uZingqi ukholelwa ikamva waso waphezulu. Uyihlo uyafa, wabulawa yempambano, kwaye ibamba ukumkani olungephi uba ukumkanikazi. Ngeli xesha, Louis iminyaka 8 kuphela ubudala. Umama, ebaleka inkqubo umyeni wakhe ufuna ubuhlobo kufutshane ne Spain. Louis XIII ukususela 1612 sele yayiganelwe Anne of Austria, intombi yokumkani Spanish.

Regency

I-Queen ayikwazi ilawulwe ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente, apho kwakukho imeko phakathi amaProtestanti namaKatolika. Ukongeza, umzi yemigudu abemi bayo, abameli iintsapho aphezulu yeengcungcu: Conde, Giza, Montmorency. I-Queen ngokubonakalayo kuchaphazela azithandayo, i-Italian Concini, Marshal d'Ankr. Greedy olubawayo, yenza intiyo yabo bonke bahlangane naye. Ukongeza, ukuziva yamandla, wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ukubathoba ukumkani elizayo. Louis XIII, ezama ukubeka indawo Concini kwaye akhusele isidima sakhe, ukuthetha nonina wayo, kodwa ubethwa gadalala entsha. Malunga neli xesha, baqale ungandithuthumbisi intlungu yakhe isisu, nto leyo kwixesha elizayo uya kwandisa kuphela. Noko ke, nangona intlungu emfihlekweni oneentloni elivisayo oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala kulungiselela iyelenqe. Abo babemenzele iyelenqe wambulala ukufa Louvre. Louis, uyavuma ngokucacileyo kunye nemfuneko ngokwasemzimbeni ukususa kuye, ingcinga wathi: "Ngeli xesha, mna kumkani."

Umphumela waba mdibi

La mazwi abakubonileyo amandla sabafaki Louis XIII, ngesibindi lade uxanduva bayahlelwa yaseFransi kwiminyaka eli-15. Kodwa ekuqaleni kobukumkani izixholoxholo zithathele feudal. Created amaqela ephikisanayo. Enye into exhasa i-Louis oselula, nalowo uxhomekeke kumama wakhe. Ukususela kwiminyaka 1619 ukuya 1620 kukho "imfazwe" phakathi unina kunye nonyana. Cardinal Armand du Plessis de Richelieu ngobuchule olawula phakathi kwamaqela ukubuyisela uxolo ubukumkani. Louis ekuqaleni Lumkela kumanyathelo uxolo, kodwa wabelana umbono kwakhe amandla yobukumkani: ubulula ukwazi ukuba ndizinyathele amaProtestanti. Bobabini ke akukho amathandabuzo aze xa bathe babona into kuyimfuneko. Intsebenziswano kwaba ngokwaneleyo kakuhle nangendlela efanelekileyo.

ubomi Personal and Anna Avstriyskaya

umtshato Dynastic kwenzeka ngo-1615. Noko ke, nangona umfazi wakhe - ubuhle yokuqala kuphela eFransi, Louis wayesoloko engqongwe favourites lobudlelwane ngazo akanako kubizwa ngokuba bulumko kaPlato. Korol Lyudovik XIII kunye nomfazi wakhe inkxaso ulwalamano kude. Yena ukrokrela benkosikazi. Yintoni eyona awuyithandi i kumkani uselula, ukuze kungabikho abantwana emtshatweni. Ekubeni ukumkani amdle, oko singqongwe iziza ezahlukeneyo. Kuphela emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ubudlelane phakathi amaqabane ziya kuphucula. Kodwa ekuhambeni kweminyaka, Anne of Austria kubalelwa ozithandayo ngaphezu kwesinye, kuquka Buckingham. Emva kweminyaka 23 sitshatile kukho abantwana bamkelekile. Okokuqala, lo Dauphin Louis, ngoko filipp Orleansky. Ke xa kungekho bantwana, amaProtestanti yiya i mvukelo evulekileyo iLa Rochelle, nto leyo ngokuthe ngcembe inkxaso basebukhosini isiFrentshi kunye eNgilani, utshaba elide kaHameha Iminyaka War, nto leyo zazisaphila iintliziyo French kunye British. Imfazwe yangaphakathi nxamnye Huguenot, zixhaswa yi eBritani, kuyaqhubeka de 1628, de enqabeni yaseLa Rochelle na onikezele. Le isivumelwano soxolo sikhatshwa isiqinisekiso inkululeko yonqulo. Ngelo xesha imfazwe sase sisele eli lizwe, yobuncwane akananto.

iziza

Kubonakala ukuba ngabafo yenkcaso kwaphulwa, kodwa umgaqo-nkqubo ngokuqinileyo uKumkani kunye Cardinal waqhubeka ukwenza basebukhosini. Duchesse de Chevreuse ufuna ukubona umzalwana indlalifa yakhe kwetrone. Elo yelenqe kwakubandakanya umzalwana kakumkani, Gaston Orleansky. Ngeli xesha, ulwalamano phakathi amaqabane zimbi. King adlulisele ukuba iimfihlakalo zakhe zomkhosi waziwa kwinkundla Spanish. Xa kwikhaya lakhe Korol Lyudovik XIII wabona utshaba. Louis XIII no Anna Avstriyskaya minkarhi hinkwayo enixabana nokungathembani. umfazi Chambers kwafunyanwa phezu ngokomyalelo wokumkani. Ukungakwazi ukuba nosana Anna (kwezisu eziliqela) ngakumbi kude amaqabane. Kodwa Richelieu, ukuze kuxhamle eFransi, wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze uxolelwano phakathi kwendoda nomfazi.

Ukuzalwa indlalifa

Esi siganeko kudala elindelwe kwenzeka ngo-1638. Kodwa ke ukuqina le meko ayizi kuwa kwinkundla nakwimo. Phakathi kwiminyaka 12, kukho nakwiinguqulelo ukomeleza unegunya, lula ulawulo, balitshabalalise iintsalela feudal ngohlobo imilo, ukwakha weenqanawa. Kulo mhlaba icala ukumkani ecaleni ukusebenza kunye ne-Cardinal. Baya ezihlobeneyo. Apho ukumkani izinikele ekwenzeni intshukumo elibukhali, Cardinal inika isilumkiso kunye bhetyebhetye. Baya bahloniphane, kodwa gcina ishiywa. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yenza ngokuqina indawo yaseFransi kwibakala lehlabathi. Imisa Iminyaka Engamashumi kubanda 'imfazwe e-Italy, kodwa 1635 imfazwe phakathi eFransi ne Spain. amajoni Spanish uyeza Paris. buqu ukumkani wakhokela umkhosi, kwaye kwawona utshaba. Imfazwe iya nzima. impilo yokumkani kuqatsela okwangoku. Abazikrazulanga iingubo zabo ukumkani okanye Cardinal akazange abone isiphelo imfazwe. Ngowe-1642 Armand du Plessis wafa, kodwa kushiya indlalifa - Cardinal Mazarin. Louis XIII wafa sesi sifo emva konyaka, ngowe-1643, indlalifa ukuya kwiminyaka emine. neNgonyama Absolute udale Louis XIII, noLouis XIV uya kusoloko ochaphazelekayo malunga nokukhula udumo yayo. Kanti ke noko iminyaka emininzi onke amandla ufumana unina, Anna Avstriyskaya, owaba ibamba.

Iziphumo zale wobukumkani

Kunye nemimandla yasemaphandleni, yaye norhwebo kwakunye noshishino izinto esi sixeko wabandezeleka izimpi behamba. Sekunjalo ku 1643 ekwazile eFransi ukuba abe amandla yaseYurophu enkulu elinamandla. Oku kuye kwadala Louis XIII. Biography ithi umbulelo kuyo ubukumkani akhululwa Habsburg ubanga njengoko Austria and Spanish. De kube lelo xesha, lokuba bubukumkani ndawo ayizange nje ngokubanzi. Kwakukho siqinile monarchical. Ukumkani yaba epheleleyo.

Ngokwawo, Louis waye hypochondriac, umntu ogulayo kunye lisibekele, kodwa isijwili abantu bakhe, wamnika Fair isiqhulo.