Space Shuttle "Challenger" (ifoto emileyo). Intlekele esabangela "Challenger"

Space - indawo airless apho Amazinga phezulu ukuya -270 ° C. Kwimeko ndlongondlongo ezinjalo, abantu abakwazi ukuphila, ngoko oosomajukujuku zisoloko esichengeni ubomi babo, obuqukuqela ubumnyama engaziwayo wendalo iphela. Xa inkqubo ukufunda yonke kwakukho iintlekele ezininzi eziye zathi inqwaba yabantu. Enye ezinjalo iziganeko ezibuhlungu kwimbali astronautics ukufa kwisiphekepheke "Challenger", nto leyo ekhokelele onke amalungu enqanaweni babulawa.

Ngokufutshane malunga inqanawa

Ngowe-1967, i-United States NASA yamisela inkqubo sewaka "Imali yokuhamba System Space". Kwisithuba sikhokelo, ngowe-1971 oko yaqala ukwakhiwa ngebhegi iziphekepheke - Space isiphekepheke (IsiNgesi Space Shuttle, nezwi bubonakala "isiphekepheke"). Kwacetywa ukuba ezi shuttles zifana shuttles kucanda phakathi kwe Umhlaba kunye orbit, ukunyuka ukuya kubude km 500. Bekufanele ukuba luncedo ukunikezelwa payloads ukuba kwizikhululo Orbital, enze ayimfuneko ufakelo nolwakhiwo imisebenzi, uphando.

Enye yezi nqanawa yaba kwisiphekepheke "Challenger" - kokusebenzisa isiphekepheke yesibini zakhiwa kule program. NgoJulayi 1982, watshintshelwa NASA kulo msebenzi.

Igama layo waba imbeko yenqanawa kwezakha zakho, owayendifundisa bolwandle 1870s. Le iimbekiselo adweliswe NASA OV-99 izixhobo.

History of flight

Ngo-Epreli 1983 kwisiphekepheke yokuqala "Challenger" uvukile ngonyaka ukuqala isathelayithi translational. NgoJuni kunyaka omnye, ndaqalisa kwakhona ukuba unikezelo kwi-komzila Hewana ezimbini zonxibelelwano kunye nokuqhuba imifuniselo amayeza. Omnye qela lo mfazi wokuqala American emajukujukwini Sally Kristen Ride.

August 1983 - yokuqalisa isiphekepheke yesithathu ngobusuku bokuqala kwimbali kwenkqubo isithuba American. Ngenxa yoko, i-satellite komzila uthungelwano Insat-1B kwaye yavavanyelwa eneqikili Canadian "Canadarm" ngoMay. Ubude Mission ntsuku 6 kancinane.

NgoFebruwari 1984, kwisiphekepheke "Challenger" ndenyuka kwakhona emajukujukwini, kodwa nomnqophiso ukususwa Hewana ezimbini ngakumbi orbit ayiphumelelanga.

Okwesihlanu ukuqala ngo-Apreli 1984. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali yehlabathi, balungise Hewana esithubeni senziwa. Ngo-Oktobha 1984 kwakukho kwasungulwa lesithandathu, leyo yabalasela ubukho ebhodini kwisiphekepheke oosomajukujuku bobabini. Ngexesha le ndiza esibalulekileyo laba okokuqala kwimbali isithuba American ngaphandle kwi umfazi isithuba - Ketrin Sallivan.

moya Seventh ku-Epreli 1985, ezisibhozo ngoJulayi moya wesithoba ngo-Oktobha walo nyaka, nazo ngempumelelo. Ayavumelana yi injongo efanayo - ukuqhuba uphando kwilebhu isithuba.

sungula yeshumi January 28, 1986 kwaba kwisiphekepheke kunye nabasebenzi obulalayo.

Xa iyonke kwi-akhawunti "Challenger" lamaphulo ayimpumelelo 9, wachitha iintsuku 69 emajukujukwini, 987 wenza nje revolution ngokupheleleyo kuwo wonke umhlaba eluhlaza, "run" yayo - million 41,5 km.

Intlekele esabangela "Challenger"

Le ntlekele yenzeke kufuphi nonxweme of Florida, i-28.01.1986 ngentsimbi 11 imizuzu 39. Ngeli xesha, phezu Atlantic Ocean liqhuma isiphekepheke "Challenger." Wathi folokohlo emva kwemizuzwana 73 flight kwintaba ephakame km 14 ngaphezu komhlaba. Ibulala onke amalungu enqanaweni asixhenxe.

Eqalweni ilungelo uphawu ring lokomeleza okuqinileyo yonakele. Ukusuka phesheya yotshiswa loo yokuvula namafutha evela kuyo umlambo jet asuswayo kwicala elingaphandle yitanki amafutha. I jet Iyitshabalalisile umnini umsila nesakhiwo ethwele etankini. inqanawa Bayeka imiba kwaphula saliphosa wolingano- macala kunye nokumelana emoyeni. Kwisiphekepheke iye wabhadula esqwini moya ekujongwe, isiphumo iphangiwe phantsi kwempembelelo kwemithwalo ashukimisayo.

Space Shuttle "Challenger" ayizange mayixhotyiswe inkqubo ngobungxamo, ngoko ke amathuba okuphila abasebenzi wayengekho. Kodwa ukuba nkqubo, oosomajukujuku baye bawela ulwandle ngesantya kwama-300 km / h. impembelelo yamandla amanzi ziza kuba ngendlela yokuba kusekho akukho mntu ange yasinda.

crew Last

Ngexesha isiqalo 10 isiphekepheke "Challenger" ibithwele abantu abasixhenxe:

• Frensis Richard "Dick" Scobee - engama-46, abasebenzi alimwi. pilot zomkhosi American elikwisikhundla uLieutenant Colonel, NASA ngusomajukujuku. Lowo ushiya ngasemva umfazi wakhe, nentombi nonyana. Waye kokufa imbasa ye Molteno "Space Flight".
• Michael Dzhon Smit - engama-40, i-pilot. pilot Test kwi elikwinqanaba umthetheli, usomajukujuku NASA. Ushiye umfazi kunye nabantwana abathathu. Waye kokufa imbasa ye Molteno "Space Flight".
• Ellison uShoji Onizuka - engama 39, oyingcali uphando. American NASA usomajukujuku noyinzalelwane Japanese, uvavanyo elingwayo elikwinqanaba sombutho. Kokufa kwakhe, wathi wawongwa isikhundla sikhulu.
• UJudith Arlene Resnik - kwiminyaka engama-36, oyingcali uphando. Enye iinjineli ingcono oosomajukujuku NASA. aviator Professional.
• Ronald McNair - engama-35, oyingcali uphando. Physics, usomajukujuku NASA. On Earth, washiya umfazi wakhe kunye nabantwana ababini. Imbasa kokufa wawongwa "Space Flight".
• Gregory Jarvis - engama-41, payload specialist. An engineer. US Air Force Captain. Ukususela ngo-1984, usomajukujuku NASA. Izindlu washiya umfazi wakhe kunye nabantwana abathathu. Imbasa kokufa wawongwa "Space Flight".
• Sharon UChrista Corrigan McAuliffe - engama-37, payload specialist. LeeNkonzo zoLuntu. Waye kokufa imbasa ye Molteno of Space - i-US ibhaso eliphezulu oosomajukujuku.

Malunga ilungu crew lokugqibela UChrista McAuliffe kukuthi kancinci. Njengoko abangekho bangamazi kwisiphekepheke "Challenger"? Kubonakala Iyamangalisa.

Krista Makoliff

Yena wazalwa ngomhla 02/09/1948 e Boston, Massachusetts. Usebenze njengomfundisi IsiNgesi, imbali kunye eziphilayo. Ithe ke yakuba ilondele nditshatile ndinabantwana ababini.

ubomi bakhe baya njengesiqhelo walinganisa de ukhuphiswano kubhengezwa "Mfundisi e Space" eUnited States ngowama-1984. ingcamango yakhe ukungqina ukuba bonke abantu abatsha kunye nempilo emva namalungiselelo aneleyo inokubhabha ngempumelelo emajukujukwini ndibuyele Earth. Phakathi amawaka 11 izicelo ezingenisiweyo kunye isicelo UChrista - kumnandi, utitshala ukuziqinisa sinamandla evela eBoston.

Uye waphumelela ukhuphiswano. Xa Vice Mongameli George. W. Bush (Senior) kumsitho kwi House White wamnika oyiphumeleleyo itikiti, yena baziphalaza iinyembezi zovuyo. Yaba itikiti ngendlela enye.

Emva eziqaphela iingcali zoqeqesho nyanga ezintathu-UChrista ukulungele ukubhabha. Yena wayalelwa ukuba ukususa izifundo zokufundisa ababekhwele kwisiphekepheke ukuchitha izifundo ezimbalwa.

iingxaki bano-

Ekuqaleni, ngexesha lamalungiselelo ngokusesikweni weshumi kwisiphekepheke kwakukho ezininzi iingxaki:

• Lalenze isicwangciso ukubamba lokwazisa kwi ngoJanuwari 22 ukusuka Baikonur uYohane. F. Kennedy. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba iingxaki lombutho baqale washukunyiselwa kuqala ku-23 uze emva koko ngoJanuwari 24.
• Ngenxa sisaqhwithi isilumkiso kunye ephantsi amaqondo ukubhabha laye lamiselwa olunye usuku.
• Kwakhona, ngenxa yemozulu embi ihlehlise ukuqala ngomhla wama-27 Januwari.
• Ekuhambeni ndlela lokuhlolwa elandelayo wazityhilela eziliqela iingxaki, ngoko kwagqitywa ukuba amisele umhla moya omtsha - January 28.

Ngentsasa kaJanuwari 28 kwisitrato kwakubanda, iqondo lobushushu lehla ku -1 ° C. Iinjineli ngayo iye yabangela inkxalabo, kwaye kwincoko ngasese, ke walumkisa NASA lobunkokeli ukuba iimeko zisenokuba mbi kuba nefuthe elibi kwi imeko O-nemisesane, kucetyiswa kwakhona ukuba ihlehlise umhla nokuphehlelelwa. Kodwa ezi zindululo ziye zabukulwa. Kwakukho enye ubunzima: i pad sungula wambu ngumkhenkce. Yaba isikhubekiso gqithi, kodwa "ngethamsanqa", nge-10 kusasa umkhenkce yaqalisa ukunyibilika. Qalisa waqeshwa iiyure 11 imizuzu engama-40. It yasasazwa kumabonwakude. All of America ukubukela iziganeko cosmodrome.

Qala-up kunye yokuwa ye kwisiphekepheke "Challenger"

11 PM kwemizuzu 38 efunyenweyo iinjini. Emva kwemizuzu 2 iyunithi ngoMay. imizuzwana 7 ukusuka kwisiseko lasekunene namafutha waqhekeza umsi gray, oko kubhalwe iflayithi vo emhlabeni. Isizathu soku yaba imithwalo ifuthe kukothuka ngexesha injini ekuqaleni. Oku kwenzeke kwixesha elidlulileyo, oko kubangela ebengumsesane lokutywina engundoqo leyo inikezela iinkqubo bodwa ethembekileyo. Kodwa kwakubanda kusasa, ngoko ke ijikazi ekhenkcezisiweyo uphulukene luthambe awaba nako ukusebenza njengoko kulindelekile. Nantsi ke imbangi yale ngozi.

Emva kwemizuzwana 58 isithuba flight isiphekepheke "Challenger", nto leyo eye ifoto ephepheni, ndaqalisa ukwaphula phantsi. Emva kwemizuzwana 6 ukusuka itanki lwangaphandle baqalisa ukuba ivuze hydrogen elulwelo, emva kwemizuzwana 2 yangaphandle ingcinezelo itanki yamafutha liye lehla ukuya kwinqanaba ezibalulekileyo.

Emva kwemizuzwana 73 moya liwa, itanki ioksijini engamanzi. Oksijini hydrogen ukuba izigcayiseli, yaye "Challenger" ilahleke a fireball enkulu.

iintsalela Ukufuna enqanaweni kunye nezidumbu

Emva kokuba ukudidiyela kwisiphekepheke kobutyobo yeyela Atlantic Ocean. Ukufuna iziphekepheke bhasi kwaye izidumbu oosomajukujuku wathabatha phezu US iSebe lezoKhuselo kunye nenkxaso wamajoni Coast Guard. Matshi 7 emazantsi olwandle kufunyenwe imizimba-moya kwa aba belungu bayehluthe kwishatile. Ngenxa yendlela eyaboniswa elide ukuya olwandle yotyando usilele ukuseka unobangela ubulawe. Noko ke, wafumanisa ukuba emva kokuba dubulo, oosomajukujuku bayaphila kuba ikhabhathi kwabo nje yaphulwa ukusuka kwicandelo ngumsila wena. Maykl Smit, Ellison Onizuka Dzhudit reznik, waza wahlala abazi yaye kubandakanywa umoya lobuqu. Kungenzeka, oosomajukujuku abazange bakwazi ukusinda amandla elikhulu emanzini.

Meyi 1 yokukhangela isiphekepheke kobutyobo zaye wawugqiba kolwandle wakwazi ukufumana 55% kwishatile.

Uphando ezibangela ntlekele

Uphando lwangaphakathi zonke iimeko yentlekele NASA eqhutywe phantsi isitampu ukufihla. Ukuze siqonde zonke iinkcukacha ityala uze ufumanise izizathu, ngenxa apho kwakukho ukuwa isiphekepheke "Challenger", US uRonald Reagan waseka uthumo olukhethekileyo Rogers (egameni lika Mongameli William P. Rogers). Le nto ndiyibhalayo abanegama kwisayensi, isithuba kunye iinjineli jukwini, oosomajukujuku kunye emkhosini.

Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva iKomishoni Rogers linike ingxelo kumongameli, apho zonke izinto zenziwa karhulumente ngenxa apho kukho ingozi yokuba isiphekepheke "Challenger." Kwakhona kwavezwa ukuba ubunkokheli NASA waphendula ngokwaneleyo ukuba izilumkiso leengcali malunga iingxaki kunye nokhuseleko lwe-flight ezicwangcisiweyo.

Imiphumo ekuweni

Ukuwa kwisiphekepheke "Challenger" kubethwa kakhulu isidima eUnited States, inkqubo "Space Transportation System" yaqaliswa ngaphandle iminyaka emi-3. Ngenxa elikhulu kakhulu ngexesha sokonakala iziphekepheke United States bahlukunyezwa ilahleko ($ 8 billion).

lutshintsho lungako lwenziwayo isakhiwo isiphekepheke, kuya kusomeleza kakhulu ukhuseleko lwabo.

Kuye bahlela kunye nesakhiwo NASA. Udale i-arhente ezimeleyo ukuze banyamekele ukhuseleko moya.

isiko ukubonisa

NgoMeyi 2013, kwi izikrini ngaphandle esondweni lomlawuli bhanya George. Hawes "Challenger". Kwi-UK, axelwe kakhulu ephawulekayo umboniso konyaka. iyelenqe ayo asekelwe kwiziganeko zokwenene kunye nemisebenzi Ngokuphathelele Commission Rogers.