Ukuhlelwa ngokwemilibo lwimi: imigaqo kunye iimpawu ezingundoqo

Isiseko oluhlobo kweelwimi zisekelwe kumgaqo ulwalamano lwabo imbali, oko kukuthi, nokunyuka ukuya naliphi iqela ulwimi ukuya jikelele, ingcambu ulwimi. Akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba ukufaka ulwimi-utatomkhulu, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, indlela engqinelana unika izazinzulu-ngeelwimi izizathu ezivakalayo ukuba athathe uphila kwixesha elidlulileyo kude. Ukukhangela izinto ezifanayo ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo ngokwemveli kusetyenziswa indlela lothelekiso-imbali - ezizezi kwiinkcukacha-lwazi ezithathwe nayo, kwaye yokuhlela yemveli ngokwemilibo iilwimi ezisekelwe.

Ngu kucaciswe umgaqo nomini yezembali, okanye ukufana zembali, iilwimi adla yahlulwe ngamaqela eziliqela elikhulu ngokwaneleyo, ebizwa kwiintsapho Ezolimi. Zonke iilwimi ukuba phakathi usapho olunye, abanye kwihi ku isakhiwo amazwi, ingakumbi ukulivakalisa izandi, okanye imithetho ukubunjwa lizwi. Akusoloko lobudlelwane ebonakalayo ngokulula - ngamanye amaxesha kuthatha umsebenzi omkhulu nzima, nto leyo eya kunceda ukuchonga nomini elikude iilwimi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ke, nangona kunjalo, le Ezolimi zemveli, yaphikisana ingcamango esisiseko ukuba yinxalenye ulwimi lweengcambu, ufumana ezifanayo kubume neempawu lula.

Ukuhlelwa ngomlibo zeentetho ehlabathini namhlanje ibandakanya kungekuphela nje ukwahlulwa iintsapho zolwimi - kusapho nganye, kukho enye iqondo nomini kweelwimi, ezo zabelwe ngokusekelwe qela. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iilwimi zeentsapho ezahlukeneyo kuba akukho ukufana, kwaye ivumela ukuba bathethe ngokuphandle uhlobo ezahlukeneyo lemvelaphi yabo. Ubukho kwezinye iinkalo ezifana, ngenxa yembali zokuboleka amagama namabinzana, ingqina kuphela loqhawulo iintsapho zolwimi ezahlukeneyo.

Kusapho uhlobo ngalunye ngokwemilibo yabo iilwimi ithetha ukhetho bamasebe ezininzi (amaqela), apho lwimi babe phakathi kwabo okuninzi abafana ngaphezu kunye namanye amalungu entsapho. Oku kube ngenxa yeenkqubo yakutshanje ngakumbi yeelwimi kwintsimi ethile, zibangelwa ulwimi yahlula kwi kumaqela ezininzi ezifanayo, okanye ukwanda Ukuqhela nobuzwe ethile ngenxa ziintlekele zembali, zendalo okanye imfazwe.

Kudla subgroups kwiilwimi ngaphakathi ulwahlulohlulo ngokwemilibo ngeelwimi aze achonge iilwimi kunye ubuhlobo kakhulu close - ukuba zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba nomnye. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi kucalulo onjalo ngokwesiko lithathwa ukuba kwisahlulo kweelwimi Slavic, ubandakanyeka yaseYurophu Indo-, East Slavic, West Slavic noMzantsi Slavic laseMelika.

Kwezinye iimeko, ukunqongophala ulwazi lwezembali yokuduka ezinye izizwe kukhokelela ukuvela lungqanyaniswe nemingeni ethile. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iilwimi, nangona ixesha elide wezifundo, akukho sezandleni kwintsapho ethile ulwimi, ngokuba abanako ukufana abuthethileyo namanye amalungu ayo. Ukuhlelwa ngokwemilibo iilwimi lidla ngokuba kwimeko enjalo, ulwimi "lo yokuhlela."

Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba i-data afunyenwe iingcali zeelwimi kuphononongo lentsapho elithile, akakwazi engamelanga ithathwe njenge ndawonye. Amaxesha amaninzi, ulwazi olutsha, okanye ukufumana iitekisi ezazingaziwa abhalwe ngolwimi oluthile, kwanyanzeleka ukuba lihlaziywe yokuhlela zemveli, kwaye kwakhona ebhenca uhlalutyo nezibakala, leyo ngaphambili kucingwa ukuba sele ifakiwe.

Ngoko ke, nangona bemi ngaphandle naziphi iilwimi entsapho kakuhle iminyaka embalwa, ngenxa ulwazi olutsha, kwaziwe ukuba intsapho esele eyaziwa okanye kusebenza njengesiseko sokuphuhlisa kucalulo entsha.