Ukuphela kweentlobo ze-Perm ezinkulu: izizathu ezinokwenzeka

Ukuphela kwePermi kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo enkulu eyenzeka kwimbali ende yomhlaba. I-biosphere yomhlaba iye yalahlekelwa phantse zonke izilwanyana zasolwandle kunye nabangaphezu kwe-70% yabameli belizwe. Ingaba izazinzulu zaziqonda izizathu zokupheliswa kwaye zihlola iimiphumo zayo? Ziziphi iingcamango ezibekwa phambili kwaye zinokuthenjwa?

Ixesha leMvume

Ukuze uqikelele ukulandelelana kweziganeko ezide, kubalulekile ukuphendukela kwisilinganiselo se-geochronological. I-Paleozoic iyonke iqukethe amaxesha angama-6. I-Perm yithuba elisemngceleni wePaleozoic kunye neMesozoic. Ubungakanani balo kwi- geochronological isilinganisi seminyaka eyi-47 yezigidi (ukusuka kwi-298 ukuya kwi-251 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo). Zombini iilesi, zombini i-Paleozoic kunye neMesozoic, ziyinxalenye ye-Phanerozoic eon.

Ixesha ngalinye lexesha lePaleozoic linomdla ngendlela yalo kwaye lizityebi kwiziganeko. Ngethuba lamaPermi kwakukho i-push push, eyayihlakulela iindlela ezintsha zobomi, kunye nokupheliswa kwePermi yezilwanyana, ezonakalisa ezininzi zezilwanyana zomhlaba.

Liliphi igama lexesha

"I-Perm" igama eliqhelekileyo elingaqhelekanga, awucingi? Ewe, awuphuthali, unemiphumo yaseRussia. Inyaniso kukuba ngo-1841 i-tectonic isakhiwo ehambelana neli xesha lexesha lePaleozoic lafunyanwa. Ukufunyanwa kwakukufuphi kwisixeko saseVis. Kwaye sonke isakhiwo se-tectonic namhlanje sibizwa ngokuba yi-Predural pitgh pitgh.

Ingcamango yokuphela komzimba

Iingcamango zokuqedwa kwamanzi ziyaziswa ngokusasazwa kwezenzululwazi kwiNyuvesi yaseChicago. Umsebenzi wenziwa nguDepkoski noD. Raup. Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwamanani, ukuphela kwezinto ezi-5 kunye neentlekele ezili-20 zezinga elincinci ziye zachongwa. Kuthathwe ukuphonononga ulwazi malunga no-540 Ma wokugqibela, ekubeni ixesha langaphambili lwedatha alanele.

Ukuqedwa okukhulu kunazo zonke:

• Ordovician-Silurian;
• Devonian;
• Ukuphela kwezilwanyana ze-Perm (izizathu esicinga ngazo);
• Triassic;
• I-Chalk-paleogene.

Zonke ezi ziganeko zenzeke kwi-Paleozoic, iMesozoic kunye neCenozoic eras. Ukuhamba kwabo kwimizuzu eyi-26 kuya kwi-30 yezigidi, kodwa ezininzi iinzululwazi azikwamukeli ukwanda kwexesha.

I-Catastrophe Enkulu Kwendalo

Ukuphela kweMvume yintlekele enkulu enkulu kwimbali yeplanethi yethu. Izilwanyana zasemanzini sele zifayo ngokupheleleyo, iintlobo zasemhlabeni zigcinwe i-17% kuphela. I-80% yeentlobo zezilwanyana ziye zafa, ezingenakwenzeka ngexesha lokuphela kwezinto ezininzi. Zonke ezi lahleko zenzeke kwiminyaka engama-60 engamawaka, nangona ezinye izazinzulu zibonisa ukuba ixesha le-mass moras lahlala malunga neminyaka eyi-100 leminyaka. Ukulahlekelwa kwehlabathi lonke, okwazisa ukutshabalalisa kwePermian, ibe neyokugqibela-ukuwela, i-biosphere yomhlaba yaqala ukuguquka.

Ukubuyiselwa kwezilwanyana emva kokuba inhlekelele enkulu yendalo ihlala ixesha elide. Kungathiwa ixesha elide kunokuba emva kokupheliswa kwamanye amaninzi. Iingcali zenzululwazi zizama ukuphinda zilandele imodeli apho ulwandle oluninzi luya kuhamba khona, kodwa ngoku awanakukwazi ukuguqula nenani leenjini ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ngokwayo. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ukuphela kokuphela kwePermian iminyaka engama-250 yezigidi edlulileyo kunemigodi engama-3, ezinye izikolo zenzululwazi zithintele ukuba kukho 8.

Enye yeengcamango ezintsha

Ngokutsho kwezenzululwazi, ukuphela kwePermi kwandulela enye inhlekelele enkulu. Kwenzeke iminyaka eyi-8 yezigidi phambi kwesiganeko esisisiganeko kwaye kwanciphisa kakhulu i-ecosystem system. Ihlabathi lezilwanyana lahlaselwa yingozi, ngoko ukuphela kweyesibini kwithuba elilodwa kwakuyingozi enkulu. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubonakalisa ukuba kukho ukuphela kwezinto ezimbini kwixesha lePermian, ngoko ke ingqiqo yexesha elibi liza kubakho ukungathandabuzeki. Ngenxa yobulungisa, masicacise ukuba le ngcamango iphikisana kwiindawo ezininzi, nangaphandle kokuqwalasela ukuphela kokunokwenzeka. Kodwa le ngcamango isabamba izikhundla zesayensi.

Izizathu ezikhoyo zeentlekele zasePermian

Ukuqedwa kwamaPermi kubangele ukuphikisana okukhulu. Ukuphikisana okungaqhelekanga kubonakala kuzo zonke izizathu zendalo yokusingqongileyo. Ngokulinganayo, zonke izizathu ezinokuthi ziqwalaselwe, kubandakanya:

• Iziganeko zentlekele zangaphakathi kunye zangaphakathi;
• Utshintsho oluncinci kwindawo.

Makhe sizame ukuqwalasela ezinye iinxalenye zezikhundla zombini kwiinkcukacha ngokubanzi ukwenzela ukuba siqonde indlela enkulu ngayo amandla abo ekupheleni kwePermi. Izazinzulu kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi zinika iifoto zokuqinisekisa okanye ukuphikisa iziphumo njengoko zifunda umba.

Inkathazo njengesizathu sokuphela kwePermi

Iziganeko zentlekele zangaphandle nezangaphakathi zibhekwa njengezona zizathu ezinokwenzeka kakhulu zokuQhuqulwa okukhulu:

1. Ngeli thuba, kukho ukwanda okwenziwe kwimisebenzi yeentaba-mlilo kwintsimi yeSiberia yanamhlanje, eyabangela ukuthululwa okukhulu komgibe. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqhuma okukhulu kwe-basalt kwenzeka ngexesha elifutshane kwixesha lemihlaba. I-Basalt iyancitshiswa kakhulu ekukhuliseni, kwaye iindonga ezijikelezayo zonakaliswa lula. Njengobungqina bentambo yamagqabi, izazinzulu zikhankanya iindawo ezininzi ngendlela yamathala asezantsi aphantsi kwesiseko se-basalt. Indawo enkulu yomgibe ngumgibe waseSiberia, owenziwe ekupheleni kwexesha lePermian. Ummandla wayo ungaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 km². Izenzululwazi zeNanking Institute of Geology (i-China) zenze isifundo se-isotopu sakhiwo se-Siberian Trap rocks kwaye saqinisekisa ukuba ukuphela kwePermi kwenzeka ngokukodwa ngexesha lobunjwa. Akuzange kuthathe iminyaka engama-100 eyiwaka (ngaphambi kokuba kukholwa ukuba kuthathe ixesha elide - malunga neyigidi leminyaka). Umsebenzi weentaba-mlilo ungabangela ukuba kuqhube umbane, ukushisa kwe-volcanic kunye nezinye iinkqubo, ezonakalise i-biosphere.
2. Iimbangela zeentlekele eziphilayo zingabakho ukuwa kwesinye okanye iimitha zamanzi, ukudibanisa kwiplanethi ene-asteroid enkulu. Njengobungqina, inqanawa eneendawo ezingaphezu kwama-500 km (iWilkes Land, i-Antarctica) inikwe. Kwakhona ubungqina bezinto eziphazamisayo ezitholakala e-Australia (isakhiwo saseBedouht, iNortheast yelizwekazi). Uninzi lweesampuli zagqitywa kamva kwinkqubo yophando olunzulu.
3. Esinye sezizathu ezikhoyo kukukhululwa ngokukhawuleza kweemethane ezivela ngaphantsi kweelwandle, ezikhokelela ekufeni kwezilwanyana zaselwandle.
4. Ingozi leyo ingakhokelela kwimveliso yenye yemimandla yokuhlala i-unicellular organisms (archaea) yokukwazi ukujongana nemicimbi engundoqo, ukukhulula imitha enkulu yemethane.

Utshintsho oluncinci kwindawo

Kukho amanqaku amaninzi kule nkalo yezizathu:

1. Utshintsho oluncinci ekubunjweni kwamanzi olwandle kunye nemoya, okubangelwa kwi-anoxia (ukungabi ne-oxygen).
2. Ukwanda kwomileyo wemozulu yomhlaba - umhlaba wezilwanyana awukwazi ukulungelelanisa utshintsho.
3. Isiphumo senguqu yemozulu yinto yokuphazamiseka kwemifudlana yolwandle kunye nokuncipha kwinqanaba lolwandle.

Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba zonke izizathu ezichaphazelekayo zithintele, ekubeni le ntlekele yayinobungakanani obukhulu kwaye kwenzeka ngexesha elifutshane.

Iziphumo zoPhulo olukhulu

Ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwePermi, okubangela izizathu zokuzama ukusekwa kwihlabathi le-scholarly, kwaba nemiphumo emibi. Iinqununu ezipheleleyo kunye neeklasi ziye zaphela ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqothulwa kweninzi yeparreptilis (ishiywe kuphela okhokho bama-turtles). Inani elikhulu leentlobo ze-arthropods neentlanzi zanyamalala. Ukubunjwa kwama-microorganisms kuye kwatshintsha. Enyanisweni, iplanethi yahluthwa, ephethe amandla esifungulu, idla i-carrion.

Emva kokupheliswa kwezilwanyana zasePermi eziye zatshintshiswa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba zitshise, iqondo elingaphantsi kwe-oksijini, ukungabikho kokutya kunye nomxholo wesulfure ogqithisileyo kusaphila.

I-mass biosphere cataclysm yavula indlela yezilwanyana ezintsha. I-Trias, yokuqala ngethuba leMesozoic, yabonisa i-arhosaurs yehlabathi (abaxhasi bama-dinosaurs, ii-crocodile kunye neentaka). Emva koKhupheka okukhulu kwiMhlaba, iindidi zokuqala zezilwanyana ezincelisayo zivela. Ukubuyiselwa kwe-biosphere kuthathe iminyaka eyi-5 ukuya kwezi-30 yezigidi.