World reserves ugodo. imithombo amaplanga ehamba lizwe

Itotali oovimba ugodo exabisa izinto ezininzi, kwaba kunye sisalathisi yamahlathi, kwaye yobukhulu balo mmandla amahlathi kunye noovimba imithi. imithombo Ihlathi ezi exhaustible kodwa ehlaziyekayo, kuba zinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukwenzela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.

ukusebenza kokuhlaziya

cover Ihlathi kuqikelelwa yi iqondo ubudlelwane kummandla ehlathini iyonke kuloo mmandla kwilizwe elithile. Ngoko ke, kweli ehamba isalathiso lizwe eFinland, eSweden, Canada, Guinea, Mozambique, eRashiya. Le ndawo yamahlathi lilonke eehektare eziibhiliyoni ezi-4, nto leyo 30% yomhlaba. Inkokeli lizwe kwi nganye capita labantu zolondolozo lwemithi - Russia: apha umntu omnye ingabalelwa malunga 3 iihektare ehlathini, ngoxa kumazwe aseYurophu eli nani lingaphantsi kakhulu - iihektare nje 0.3.

Oko kwaba - ukuba

Le ndawo yamahlathi ehlabathini kunyaka ngamnye kuncitshiswa malunga nezigidi ezingama-20 eehektare, nto leyo ebangele ngokungena ezininzi. Yaye uninzi zonke amaplanga zikhiwa Latin America and Asia. Kwaye apha kumazwe Nordic eli ukusebenza ngokubuyiselwa kunye ukulinywa kwamahlathi, ukwenza indawo ihlathi hayi lifinyele apha. Imithi oovimba ehlabathini emi phezulu malunga 300 billion. ^M3, naseRashiya oluhlasela i-25% esitokisini kweenkuni.

imithombo Ihlathi ziyahlaziyeka, kodwa ukuba akunjalo ngokukhawuleza ukujongana ziindawo zokutyala, ehlathini oovimba ziya ziba ezincinane. Enye lizwe-phambili izibonelelo amaplanga - Suriname, apho ii-akhawunti yomfundi ngamnye malunga 36 hectares yehlathi. Kodwa ekweleenjiko kunye kumzantsi kwindawo epholileyo, ukuba umntu omnye abe ngaphantsi kwe kwihektare yehlathi.

Njengoko izibalo zenziwa?

imithombo Forest - oko woovimba ehlathini kweli lizwe, kwakunye amaxabiso non-amaplanga. Kuyinto ngenxa kwihlathi babe nethuba lokufumana izinto jikelele ekrwada ngenxa kumashishini amaninzi, ukongeza, ehlathini - ke nokugcinwa kwenkqubo eziphilayo yomhlaba. Ngenxa yokuba imithombo hlathi ziyahlaziyeka, isitokhwe zehlabathi iinkuni nga rhoqo kuchuma mna, ukwandisa imveliso yabo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu.

imithombo Ihlathi ehlabathini lonke hhayi lonke ezisasaziweyo. Umzekelo, amazwe aseYurophu uphawu inshorensi ihlathi elikhulu, lo gama eAfrika mzobo usezantsi kakhulu. I degree lisezantsi yamahlathi - kumazwe aseAfrika, kwaye lelona zinga liphezulu - in Latin America, iYurophu kunye nomNtla Melika. Country INkokeli igcina sapling - Russia: isahlulo lizwe akhawunti ye-88% kwamahlathi coniferous.

Iimpawu zokusasaza amahlathi ehlabathini lonke

ihlathi Modern ikhula kwimimandla zemozulu ezahlukeneyo, oko kuxhomekeka kwiindawo ahluke ukwakheka iintlobo, yimani isakhiwo, nemveliso, ixabiso ezahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho nezendalo. Kuninzi of Europe kuhlala zone amahlathi lwemimandla ziingcathu, apho amahlathi boreal emahlathini coniferous. KuMbindi naseMzantsi Merika, eMpuma Afrika kunye East Indies amahlathi ashinyeneyo usoloko evergreen amahlathi mixed. iindawo Intaba luphawulwa zonation nkqo, ngoxa kuxhomekeke ephakame kuzakutshintsha nobushushu nokufuma.

Ukuba Russia - kwilizwe-kwinkokeli kwezibonelelo nemithi, ikakhulu kumazwe aseYurophu, uninzi ogawulwe ehlathini phantsi. Umzekelo, eNgilani, Ireland, eNetherlands, ubukhulu becala imithi eliqina kunye intsha ikhula imithi owakutyalayo enziwe. amahlathi Coniferous alondolozwe kuphela eScandinavia, lo gama kukho yamahlathi elungileyo, kugcwele nqwelo coniferous ecocekileyo. Xa iziko of Europe pine ekhula kakhulu, nespruce, msipres, larch, ihlathi yehlile kakhulu ngenxa ahlabayo kweeyadi iinkomo.

Phakathi kwimimandla ezinkulu akhawunti eYurophu Ihlathi ngenxa kumazwe yeYurophu. Apha bebekelwa 35.6% emahlathini bemveliso 28.5% lestokhwe iyonke beenkuni. Lo mmandla luphawulwa iqondo eliphezulu yamahlathi.

In Asia and Afrika?

Isambuku stock likhula kwelaseAsiya - malunga 1/5 belizwekazi. Kukho ukukhula amahlathi ashinyeneyo, coniferous nokutyalwa avuthulukayo kwindawo epholileyo. Indawo enkulu ahlala amahlathi hlathi. EMpuma, ummandla elimelwe ukungafani iintlobo zingcwele, ezisoloko zikho. Kukho amaphecana kwi emazantsi kummandla apho emathafeni Zinokuxutywa amatyholo ezincinane. Ezintabeni thaca hlathi kunye namahlathi avuthulukayo. Ngomhla kummandla emahlathini Afrika yenza edyokhweni. Le ndawo iyonke ehlathini kwelizwekazi lungohlulwa lube kwiindawo ezine: ngasentla - sikwisubtropic, entshona - efudumeleyo, empumalanga - ekweleenjiko entabeni nomzantsi - efudumeleyo.

North ne Umzantsi Melika

Amahlathi e North America abahlala malunga nesinye kwisithathu lizwekazi, ngoxa ngasentla ngenxa kwiimeko ezimaxongo zemozulu ze ubume kweentlobo somthi olungephi, kunye nemveliso yazo ephantsi. indawo Ihlathi kakhulu limelwe coniferous kunye uphiko yimithi. Towards ngasezantsi yezwe inxalenye amahlathi iba banzi, imithi ngokwabo zinemveliso ngakumbi.

Phantse isiqingatha kummandla Latin America kuhlala zizityalo ihlathi ngakumbi ubukho imithi avuthulukayo. Ngomhla kweenxweme Amazon sisincoko etyebileyo kwaye mandulo floristic. Mexico kunye Netherlands Antilles benza ikakhulu emahlathini coniferous - ingakumbi imithi pine.

E Australia, ukwanda waphawula emahlathini zephetshana unxweme. Kukho phantse 85% yommandla ahlala kuyo imithi zomgamtriya.

Yintoni na unikezelo amatyala?

A imithi imfuyo engamanzi - sisixa iyonke izityalo zolondolozo amaplanga, nto leyo ilingana wonke umthamo amaplanga evuniweyo ngaphandle amaxolo kunye emithini. Lo mqulu bunikwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe ndlela azo ezahlukeneyo. timber alulwelo - material ukuze zisetyenziswe ngexesha lokuvuna. Kulo mzekelo, ingcambu isitokhwe iinkuni iphezulu kakhulu.

izinto eziphambili ukungena ngaphakathi kwi eRashiya ehlabathini

kwiminyaka engama-60 eyadlulayo kwehlathi yingxenye Russia kunye nehlabathi jikelele, kancinane kwaziwa. Kunokuba ukwakheka iintlobo nje iye efunda. Ebudeni bolawulo lweSoviet eSoviet Union kubhekwe ezingaphezu kwama-500 mln. Ha, leyo kuthwalelwa phandle ulawulo ehlathini. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha kuye kubekho ukunqongophala iinkuni kwindawo yokuqala oku kusebenza sawlogs ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye zikhuni ngokwenene, ezo zifunyenwe ezivela kwiindawo ezinkulu buti. Yiloo nto kumazwe aphuhlileyo, ezi assortments zisetyenziswa ukulinywa kwamahlathi.

Okunye imithi kwenkunkuma kunye nokulungiswa iinkuni uye emva processing olunzulu kumashishini ezahlukeneyo - ekwenziweni emthini, iphepha nekhadibhodi enokuhlaziyeka. Kule minyaka ingama-80 ukunqongophala iinkuni kukhokelele kwinto yokuba isikali nangamaplanga ngamazwe liphezulu. Ke ukuba kumazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu nakuMntla Melika abo bathengisela eziphambili iimveliso wayigqiba eyenziwe ngomthi xa kukho imithi kunye nephepha, nokuphuhlisa amazwe ebusweni Asia, eAfrika, Latin America, ikakhulu kumazwe ngamaplanga ngeenxa zonke. Ngelo xesha linye kula mazwe esilawulwa ukuxhatshazwa ngomnye umntu engakhange eve ehlathini, ukuze umhlaba hlathi awekho kwaye ngaphantsi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini iye yaba intsingiselo oluqaphelekayo malunga multi-injongo ukuxhatshazwa amahlathi, ingakumbi kumazwe ahambele phambili kwaye enabantu abaninzi. Phambi kwabo ingxaki ngokudala iziganeko ezaziza kubavumela ukuba ukubuyisela amahlathi ezithe waba negalelo ekuphuculeni imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe.

Ke ukuba iRussia, kukho malunga ne-78% ye-Amahlathi iqanjwa iintlobo zorhwebo - pine, nespruce, msipres, larch, um-oki, ezinde. Kwaye ngokunjalo kulo lonke ihlabathi, izibonelelo ehlathini zabiwa edyokhweni. Inxalenye yaseYurophu akhawunti ye% 17,06 kuphela ehlathini, ngoxa eSiberia kunye East Far bebekelwa 82% nasemahlathini. yonke Umthamo yasehlathini zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu: lokuqala ehlathini zokuzikhusela, okwesibini - umbandela ekrwada, kwaye eyesithathu - nemithi egciniweyo engasetyenziswa njenge izinto ekrwada. Itotali ukukhula iinkuni yonyaka malunga 830 million ^m-3.

iziphumo

Iinkuni - uhlobo elingahlaziywayo kwezibonelelo, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukulawula nje kuphela ukusebenza kwayo, kodwa ukudlala kancinci. Emahlathini kuhlolwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphela isantya sokukhula kunyaka ngamnye, kodwa imali kwemfuyo lwasemoyeni. Indlela kuphela ukunyenyisa oovimba lilonke kwihlabathi ngamaplanga.