Yintoni i-ammonia? Iformula kunye neepropati ze-ammonia

I-Ammonia yinkompo eyona mthombo obaluleke kakhulu we-nitrogen kwizinto eziphilayo, kwaye sele ifumene isicelo kumashishini athile. Yintoni i-ammonia, ziphi iimpawu zayo? Masibhale phantsi.

Yintoni i-ammonia: iimpawu eziphambili

I-Ammonia (umthamo wamanzi nitride) yinkompo ye nitrogen nge-hydrogen, ene-chemical formula NH ₃ . Ubume be-molecule lifana nepramramid eline-trigonal ne-athomu ye-nitrogen kwi-inpex yayo.

I-Amoniya iyinkunkuma engenawo umbala, kodwa inokwakheka okuthe tye. Ukuxinwa kwe-ammonia phantse kwisiqingatha somoya. Ebushushu be-15 ^° C, ngu-0.73 kg / m ³ . Uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia liquid phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ngu-686 kg / m ³ . Isisindo samathambo salo mzimba ngu-17.2 g / mol. Into ehlukileyo ye-ammonia yinto yokuzinzileyo emanzini. Ngoko, kwiqondo lokushisa lika-0 ° C, ixabiso layo lifikelela kuma-1200 amanani kumthamo wamanzi, kwi-20 ° C-700 imibhalo. Isisombululo "i-ammonia-water" (ammonia amanzi) ibonakaliswa yindlela eyenziwe ngayo i-alkali yokusabela kunye nepropati ekhethekileyo ngokuthelekiswa namanye alkalis

Njani i-ammonia?

Yintoni i-ammonia emzimbeni womntu? Lo ngumveliso wokugqibela we-nitrogen metabolism. Uninzi lwesibindi luguqula kwi-urea (i-carbamide) - into engcolileyo.

I-Amoniya kwimiqathango yemvelo ibunjwa ngenxa yokuchithwa kwama-organic compounds aqukethe i-nitrogen. Ukusetyenziswa kwishishini le nkunkuma ikhiqizwa ngeendlela zokufakelwa.

Ukuveliswa kwe-ammonia kwiimeko zoshishino kunye neelabhoratri

Kwiimeko zorhwebo, i-ammonia ikhiqizwa nge-catalytic synthesis ukusuka kwitrogen ne-hydrogen:

N ₂ + 3H ₂ → 2NH 3 + Q.

Inkqubo yokufumana loo nto iqhutyelwa kwiqondo lokushisa lama-500 ° C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-350 kwi-atm. Isinyithi esinezintlu sisetyenziselwa ukuba sibe sisisombululo. I-ammonia eyiphumela isuswa ngokupholisa. I-nitrojeni ne-hydrogen, engazange iphendule, ibuyele kwi-synthesis.

Ngaphantsi kweemeyibrari, i-ammonia ikhiqizwa ikakhulu ngokufudumala umxube obandakanya i- ammonium chloride kunye ne-hydrated lime:

2NH ₄ Cl + Ca (OH) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + 2NH ₃ ↑ + 2H ₂ O.

Ukomisa, iqela eligqityiweyo lidlulileyo ngomxube we-lime kunye ne-sodium hydroxide. I-ammonia eyomileyo ingafumaneka ngokuphelisa i-sodium yensimbi kuyo kunye ne-distillation esilandelayo.

Uphi i-ammonia esetyenziswayo?

I-nitrode ye-Hydrogen isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini athile. Amanani amakhulu asetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-nitric acid kunye nee-fertilizer ezahlukeneyo (urea, i-ammonium nitrate, njl.), Iipolymers, i-hydrocyanic acid, i-soda, i-ammonium salts kunye nezinye iimveliso zamakhemikhali.

Kwi-shishini elikhanyayo, iipropati ze-ammonia zisetyenziselwa ukucoca kunye nokucafa kweendwangu ezifana nelikalika, uboya kunye nekotoni. Kwi-steelmaking, isetyenziselwa ukwandisa ubunzima bensimbi ngokuzalisa iindawo zayo zomhlaba nge nitrogen. Inkunkuma ye-Acid ayifumananga kwi-petrochemical industry ngokuncedisa i-hydrogen nitride.

Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ze-thermodynamic, i-ammonia yamanzi isetyenziswe njengento epholileyo kwizixhobo zokusebenza.

Isisombululo se-nitrode ye-hydrogen (ammonia) isetyenziswe kwiyeza ukuze zisuswe kwi syncope, ukuvuselela ukuhlanza, unyango lwezandla zabasebenzi bezonyango, kunye nokulunywa kwezilwanyana, njl.

Ezinye iimpawu zeekhemikhali ze-ammonia

I-nitride ye-Hydrogen ibonakaliswe yinto ephezulu yokusebenza kwemichiza kwaye iyakwazi ukusabela ngezinto ezininzi.

Xa i-ammonia ithatha i-acids, i-salty ammonium ehambelana nayo iyenziwa. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yempendulo ye-nitric acid, i- nitrate yammonium yenziwa :

NH ₃ + HNO ₃ → NH ₄ NO _3.

Ekuphenduleni kweHCl, i-ammonium chloride yenziwa:

NH ₃ + HCl → NH ₄ Cl.

Amathunti e-Ammonium ayenzizinto eziqinileyo ze-crystalline ezidiliza emanzini kwaye ziphethe iipropati ezihambelanayo nezitye zetsimbi. Isisombululo samakhemikhali esakhiweyo ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwe-ammonia kunye ne-acid eziqinileyo zineempendulo ezibuthakathaka.

Ngenxa yee-atrojeni ze-nitrode, i-nitride ye-hydrogen yinkampani eyancitshiswayo. Izakhiwo zayo zokunciphisa zibonakaliswa xa zishushu. Xa uvutha emoyeni we-oksijeni, yenza i-nitrogen namanzi. Ekubeni kubuncwane, ukusebenzisana ne-oksijeni kunika i- nitric oxide. I-nitride ye-Hydrogen inokukwazi ukunciphisa izitishi kwii-oxydes.

I-Halogens isabela nge-ammonia ukwenza i-halogenides yeziqhumane ezinobungozi be-nitrojeni. Xa usebenzisana ne-carboxylic acids kunye neziphumo zawo, iifom ye-hydrogen nitride ifomide. Kwiempendulo kunye namalahle (kwi-1000 ° C) kunye nemethane, inika i-cyanide.

Nge-ion zetsimbi, i-ammonia ifomine i-amine complexes, okanye i-ammonia (izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi), ezinezinto eziphawulekayo: i-athomu ye-nitrogen isoloko iboshwe kwiiatomu ezintathu ze-hydrogen. Ngenxa yesisombululo, umbala wezinto zitshintsha. Ngoko, umzekelo, isisombululo esibhakabhaka se- sulfate yethusi kunye nokongezwa kwe-nitride ye-hydrogen ithola umbala ohlaza okomhlaza ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amancomplex amaninzi anelungelo lokuzinza okwaneleyo. Ngenxa yolu, banokufumaneka ngesimo esomeleleyo.

Kwi-ammonia ye-liquid, zombini ionic kunye ne-nonpolar engqalileyo kunye ne-organic compounds ilula.

Impawu zobuthakathaka kunye nococeko

I-Amoniya ibalwa njengowesigaba seengozi yesine . Umlinganiselo ophezulu ovumelekileyo ophezulu-time-concentration (MPC) emoyeni weendawo zokuhlala iingu-0.2 mg / m ³ , umyinge wemihla ngemihla - 0.04. Emoyeni yendawo yokusebenza, umxholo we-ammonia akufanele ube ngaphezu kwe-20 mg / m³. Kwiindawo ezinjalo, iphunga le-substance ayiveki. Kubhalwe ngephunga lomntu, liqala ngo-37 mg / m³. Oko kukuthi, ukuba iphunga le-ammonia livakalelwa, oku kuthetha ukuba imilinganiselo evumelekileyo yobuninzi benkalo emoyeni iyadlula kakhulu.

Impembelelo emzimbeni womntu

Iyintoni i-ammonia ngokubhekiselele kumntu? Liyingozi. Ikwahlula njengento enokukwazi ukusebenzisa umonakalo ongenayo kunye neurotropic, inhalation poisoning engakhokelela kwi-edema yamapulmoni kunye nomonakalo kwinkqubo yenzwa.

Umphunga we-Amoniya uyayicaphukisa isikhumba, iimbumba ezinamaqabunga kwamehlo kunye nezitho zokuphefumula. Ukugxininiswa kwezinto ezinokukrakra komlenze kubonakala ngo-280 mg nganye ngeekhiyitha yamitha. Iimitha, i-eye - 490 mg nganye ngeekhiyitha yamitha. Imitha. Ngokuxhomekeka kwindleko ye-nitrode ye-hydrogen emoyeni, kunokubakho ukuqhuma emqaleni, ukuphefumula ubunzima, ukuhlahlela ukukhwehlela, iintlungu zesohlo, ukukrakra okukhulu, ukutshisa imichiza ye-cornea, ukulahleka kombono. Ngomxholo we-ammonia we-1.5 g nganye ngeekhiyitha yamitha. Iimitha zeeyure zivelisa i-edema ye-pulmonary. Xa i-ammonia yamanzi kunye nezisombululo zayo (kwiindawo eziphezulu) zidibanisa nesikhumba, ubomvu, ukutshaya, ukutshisa, i-dermatitis inokwenzeka. Ekubeni i-nitride ephosiweyo yomlambo wamanzi ibamba ukushisa ngexesha lokufudumala, i-frostbite ye-degrees eyahlukeneyo inokwenzeka.

Iimpawu zobutyhefu nge-ammonia

Ukutyhefuza ngolu hlobo olunobungozi kungabangela ukwehla kwinqanaba lokuhlola, isicathulo, isisu, intloko, njl. Kunokuba kukho utshintsho ekuziphatheni, ngokukodwa, ukuvuya okukhulu, i-delirium. Ukubonakaliswa kweempawu kwiimeko ezininzi ziphakathi. Bangakwazi ukuyeka ixesha elithile, baze baphinde baphinde bavuselele amandla.

Ukuqwalasela yonke imiphumo ebangelwa yonyango lwe-ammonia, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele xa usebenza nale nkunkuma kwaye ungadluli ukugxininisa kwimoya.