Abangabonobhala babantwana bezona zine-18 kunye nemisebenzi yabo

Imisebenzi yabantwana ihlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo phakathi kwezinye iintlobo zeengcamango, kuba kwiindawo ezininzi zibonisa iimpawu zenkcubeko yabantu abathile, inkqubo yexabiso layo. Inkcubeko nganye ineengcamango zayo ezilungileyo nokubi, okulungileyo nokungalunganga, ezintle kunye ezimbi, ezilungileyo kunye nokungalungi. Njengomntwana, sithatha imilinganiselo ehlala nathi ebomini. Ukubaluleka kweencwadi kubantwana, ngoko, akufanele kuthatyathwe phantsi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe uphawu lwezinto zeencwadi zezingane-inhlanganisela yobugcisa kunye neemfuno zokufundisa. Uncwadi olunjalo alufanelekanga kuphela, kodwa lubuye lufundise, lukhokele kwaye lukhokele. Abalobi bezingane ze-18 leminyaka (kunye nemisebenzi yabo, eqinisweni) bafuna ukudlulisela ulwazi kubantwana obalulekileyo malunga nehlabathi, ukukhuthaza ixabiso elifanelekileyo.

Masithathe amazwe amabini - iGreat Britain kunye neRashiya - kunye nomzekelo wemisebenzi yabantwana eyenziwe kule mihlaba, siya kubona ukuba oku kunjalo kunjalo. Uncwadi lwe-18 leminyaka, abalobi kunye nemisebenzi yabo bayakucelwa.

Uncwadi lwabantwana baseBrithani elikhulu leenkulungwane ezili-18

Ngamnye wethu unamabhuku akhe athandwayo ukususela ebuntwaneni bakhe: iindaba ze "Alice in Wonderland", "Kid neCarlson ohlala phezu kophahla", "iMatilda", "iThumbelina", "i-Gulliver's Travels" kunye ne "Robinson Crusoe" (uluhlu, , Wonke umntu unakho). Kodwa mhlawumbi singenakukhula ekhulwini lama-21 eRussia, kodwa ngekhulu le-18 eNgilani, sinokuyifunda ntoni?

Kulolu lukhankanywe ngasentla, siza kuba nencwadi ethi "Robinson Crusoe" nguDaniel Defoe (1719) kunye ne "Gulliver's Travels" nguJonathan Swift (1726) kwinguqu ekhethekileyo yabantwana, ebhalwe ngolwimi olulula, kunye nemifanekiso emininzi.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ngekhulu le-18 abantwana baseNgesi babengenanto yokufunda? Masibhale phantsi.

Inyaniso kukuba ibali le-story story liye lahlala likhona, kwaye akuzange kubekho isiphene kubo. Nangona bekungekho ulwimi olubhaliweyo, badluliselwa kwisizukulwana kwisizukulwana ngesimo sorktro. Kodwa kwii-17-18 zeenkulungwane, kunye nophuhliso lokunyathelisa, abalobi abaninzi bezobugcisa baqala ukubonakala, ngakumbi ababhali babantwana. Iingoma zefeksi ngelo xesha, njengamanje, ziyabonwa kwaye ziyikwesaba abantwana, ukudala ihlabathi elimangalisayo, abantu abadala, abaxhamla kwiinkxalabo zemihla ngemihla, abazange bavume.

Apha ngabangobabhali bonyana abakhulu bangekhulu le-18 kunye nemisebenzi yabo.

"Robinson Crusoe" nguDaniel Defoe

Masibuyele eNgilani ngekhulu le-18. Ngelo xesha, ukuba ndithe ndithi, "umthengisi owona mhle" wayengumsebenzi kaDefoe. Incwadi ethi "uRobinson Crusoe" idumisa isibindi, ukunyamezela, ubuchule bendoda ephoqelelwe ukuba ikhona kwiimeko ezimbi. Kwakhona kwakuthatyathwa nguJonathan Swift ngongoma, apho isibheno sombhali sokufumanisa ubungakanani obutsha kunye nama-horizons evelelwa.

"Uhambo lweGulliver" ngoJonathan Swift

Impumelelo ye "Gulliver's Travels" yakhokelela kwinto yokuba ezinye iincwadi zaqala ukubonakala kubantwana, apho umnqweno wokuluxelisa lo msebenzi wawufundwa ngokucacileyo, ngamagama athi "Gulliver" kunye ne "Lilliput" ngamagama, ukuze avuse iqumrhu elithile. Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala kwakuyi-"Lilliput Magazine" yabantwana, eyapapashwa ngo-1751, eyadalwa nguJohn Newbery, umbhali waseLondon. Omnye umzekelo "iThala leLiliputians, okanye i-Gulliver Museum" kwimigangatho yeshumi yefomati encinane, epapashwe kwiDublin kuma-1780. Le ncwadi yakhululwa ngokukhethekileyo kubantwana, kwaye intlawulo yayo yayincinci, ukuze abantwana bakwazi ukuyithenga. Inani elipheleleyo leemitha eziyi-10 kuphela i-British british shillings, kwaye iindawo ezithile zingathengwa kwi-pence ezintandathu. Nangona kunjalo, le xabiso elincinci laliphezulu kakhulu kubantwana abaninzi nabazali babo. Kuphela abameli beentsapho ezifumana imali engenayo phakathi kunye nabanemali ephezulu abanokufumana ukuthenga ezo ncwadi kwaye banolwazi olwaneleyo lokufunda.

Ezinye iincwadi

Iincwadi ezithengiweyo kwiincwadi ezidumileyo zenzeke ngoko kwaye zafumaneka kwiindawo ezincinci zokuhlala. Babandakanya amabali abantwana, amabali, ukuhamba, iingoma, iincwadi zokuthandaza, amabali malunga nabaphangi, abaphangi nababulali. Le miqulu yayinobungakanani obuhle kwaye idayiswe enye ipennies enye.

Ngomnyaka we-1712, ukuguqulelwa kwisiNgesi kumazwi adumile ase-Arabhiya "Kwavela iwaka kunye neyezinye iindawo."

Njengoko ubona, uncwadi lwabantwana belo xesha luchule kwiNgilani. Yaye yintoni eyayiyintsimi yaseRashiya? Funda kabanzi malunga nalokhu.

Amabhuku aseRussia kubantwana beXesha le-18 leminyaka

E-Rashiya, abhali babantwana bekhulu le-18 kunye nemisebenzi yabo (iincwadi zaseRashiya zokuqala ezibhaliweyo ngokukhethekileyo kubantwana, zadalwa kwintsimi yelizwe lethu ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, inkulungwane ye-18 yaqhubeka le nkcubeko).

Ixesha likaPetros ndalinika amandla ekuphuhliseni ukhanyiso, ngokukodwa iincwadi zabantwana. U-Tsar ngokwakhe wayekholelwa ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukunyamekela ukukhuliswa kwesizukulwana esincinane. Ngeli xesha, iincwadi zezingane ziqhuba iinjongo zemfundo. Iincwadi, ii-alphabets kunye neencwadi zinyatheliswa.

"Ulutsha olunyanisekileyo"

Ababhali beli-18 leminyaka (isiRashiya) uludwe lweencwadi zoncwadi zabantwana ezivulekileyo ngemfundo. Njengomzekelo, unokuthi "Isibuko soLutsha oluthembekileyo". Kulo msebenzi, imithetho yokuziphatha enkundleni yaziswa, into eyenziwa nguPeter Omkhulu ngokuguqulwa kwayo. Le ncwadi yahlanganiswa yindlalifa yekosi ngomyalelo wakhe. Ngentloko yabalobi abasebenza kulo msebenzi nguGavrila Buzhinsky. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, le ncwadi yayiqulethwe izinto zokwenza isipelingi, iilfabhethi kunye nesipelingi. Kwakujoliswe ukuba "Ulutsha olusinyanisekileyo" kwixesha elizayo, inkxaso yekosi - kubantwana, abaza kuba ngabaqabane. Ingcamango ephambili kukuba ukuphumelela kwempumelelo kubaluleke ngaphezu komvelaphi womntu, kodwa ukufaneleka kwayo, nangona indawo ekhethekileyo yobukhulu yagxininiswa. Amakhwenkwe akhe atyholwa kwaye agxekwa. Kwimantombazana, ikhowudi ekhethekileyo yenziwa ngamagunya angamashumi amabini, apho kufuneka ukuba ngokukhethekileyo uncedo, ukunyaniseka, inkolo, ukunyamekela. Ababhali beli-18 leminyaka (isiRashiya) uludwe lweentlobo zamabhinqa ezibonakaliswe ngokomfuziselo, ngokomzekelo, ukudala imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yabesifazane kwimisebenzi yabo.

Iincwadi eziguqulelwe

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, iincwadi eziguqulelwe, ezifana neengxelo ze-Aesop, zisasazeka. Le fengano, ebhaliwe kwi-6 leminyaka BC. E. I-Aesop yeSage, ibonwa kakuhle ngabantwana ngenxa yethuba lokuzibonakalisa ngomfanekiso wemagorha - izilwanyana, iintaka, imithi, iintyatyambo ... Iingoma ze-Aesop zinika ithuba lokuzonwabisa nokudlala ukunqoba ukuziphatha kwabo kunye nokuphuhlisa ukucinga.

Emva kwemashumi amahlanu, abalobi bezingane zangekhulu le-18 kunye nemisebenzi yabo iqala ukuvela. Kodwa ke uninzi lwabantwana lubolekwa eNtshona (ngokukodwa ukusuka eFransi). Kufuneka kuphawulwe, ngokuqinisekileyo, umdlali odumile waseFransi wenkulungwane ye-17 uCharles Perrault. Iingxelo zakhe ze "Cinderella", "Ukulala Ubuhle", "I-Red Red Riding Hood", "Bluebeard" yaziwa kwaye ithandwa ngabantwana emhlabeni jikelele. Abafundi nje kuphela kodwa nabangumbongi kunye neencwadi ze-18 leminyaka baphuthuzelwa kule mi sebenzi.

Abalobi bekhulu le-18

Uluhlu luvuliwe nguFeofan Prokopovich. Lo mbhali wabhala kubantwana ababini iincwadi - "Imbali Yembali YaseRussia", kunye ne "Uqeqesho Lokuqala LoLutsha." Kwisiqalo kwincwadi yesibini, wabonisa ukuba ubuntwana bubaluleke kakhulu ebomini babo bonke abantu, ukususela ngoko ke iimpawu eziphambili zobuntu kunye nemikhwa yenziwe. Abantwana mabafunde iincwadi kwaye bathande.

Catherine II

Ababhali beengcali kunye nabalobi bekhulu le-18 bakha iincwadi zezingane. Kwaye iintloko zorhulumente zithathwa njengento yazo yokufundisa ulutsha ngokwabo. Lo mzekelo waboniswa nguCatherine II. Wadala inani elikhulu lemisebenzi, phakathi kwazo kwakuyiincwadi kubantwana, umzekelo, "iTale ye-Tsarevich Chlora" kunye ne "The Tale of Tsarevich Feive." Ngokuqinisekileyo, bekude neendalana zamagama ngokwelizwi lwanamhlanje, kunye neenhlamvu zabo eziqhakazileyo namaqhawe. Ezi zinto zisebenza kuphela zibonisa iimpawu kunye neziqhamo ngokubanzi, ezingabonakaliyo. Nangona kunjalo, umzekelo kaChristine II wayenomdla, kwaye kamva walandelwa ngabalobi abaninzi baseRussia abadumileyo bekhulu le-18, ukudala imisebenzi ngokukodwa kubantwana.

Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov

Inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kweencwadi zabantwana yenziwa nguNikolai Ivanovich Novikov. Nguye umvakalisi wephephancwadi lokuqala labantwana - "UkuFunda Kwezingane Zentliziyo Neengqondo." Yayinyathelisa imisebenzi yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo: iindaba zamabali, amabali, imidlalo, amahlaya, njl. Kwakuquka amanqaku atyununu abantwaba besayensi bachaza abafundi abancinci malunga nendalo, ihlabathi elijikelezile, amazwe ahlukahlukeneyo, imizi kunye nabantu abahlala kuzo. La manqaku ayibhalwe ngokukodwa, enomdla, ngendlela yentetho. U-Novikov kwimisebenzi yakhe wayeshumayela iingcamango ezilungileyo kunye nobuntu, isithunzi somntu, esicinga ngolu hlobo, sifundiswe ukususela ebuntwaneni ukuya kubantwana. Le mpapasho yayiyimpumelelo enkulu kwaye yayithandwa kakhulu ngeli xesha. Ababhali abaziwayo bekhulu le- 18 bapapashwa kule nguqulelo.

Nikolay Michailovich Karamzin

Kubalulekile ukuthetha amagama ambalwa malunga noNikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Lo mbhali wadala waza wahumushela imisebenzi engama-30 eyahlukeneyo yabantwana. Ukuba ngummeli weemvakalelo (ezalandelwa ngabalobi abaninzi baseRashiya benkulungwane ye-18), ngokusondelene nobuntu bendalo, waba ngumthandane ngokukhethekileyo phakathi kwabafundi abaneminyaka emibini ubudala nabadala. Ngo-1789 imisebenzi yokuqala yeKaramzin yapapashwa kwiphephancwadi elithi "UkuFunda Kwezingane Yentliziyo Neengqondo". UNikolai Mikhailovich wabhala kubantwana emva kokuvalwa kweli phephancwadi. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo yekhulu le-18, imisebenzi enjengokuthi "iThe Beautiful Tsarevna", "Ihlathi Eliqhumayo" kunye ne "Ilya Muromets" zadalwa nguye. Ingxelo yokugqibela yamaphupha ibonisa isiqhelo saseRashiya. Lo msebenzi awuzange ugqitywe. U-Ilya Muromets, owadalwa ngumlobi wombhali, akazange abe njengeqhawe eliqhelekileyo kwi-epic, njengokuba siqhele ukucinga, kodwa siyakhumbula nje okokugqibela. Inkcazelo yamagama ayichaza ukulwa neentshaba zaseRashiya, ivula ingoma yomphefumlo ka-Ilya waseMurom ekuxoxaneni nentanda yakhe. Ngomoya wokuvakalelwa, uKaramzin uchazwe ngokucacileyo iimvakalelo zamaqhawe, edala imifanekiso ecacileyo.

Isiphelo

Ngaloo ndlela, inkulungwane ye-18 yazisa ezininzi kwiincwadi zabantwana ngaphesheya nakwilizwe lethu. Iincwadi kubantwana ziqhubela phambili ngokuphuhlisa ukuphuhliswa kwayo ngo-19, kwaye emva kwekhulu lama-20. Kwaye ekuphuhlisweni kwayo kubonakala ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokomzekelo, iindaba zefestile zikaCharles Perrault kamva zasetyenziswa nguAndersen, Pushkin, abazalwana uGrimm, Irving. Oko kukuthi, iinjongo zezinye zeengxelo zefestile zithatyathele ngokupheleleyo kwabanye. Imisebenzi yabalobi baseRashiya yekhulu le-18 yafundwa kokubili ngo-19 nangemva koko. Uncwadi lwabantwana benkulungwane ye-19 lubonakalisa uxhulumano olukhulu kunye neencwadi kubantu abadala, kunye nokukhanya kunye nenkcubeko ngokubanzi.