I-Indiya Kwi-Xvi Century: Ukwakhiwa kwangaphakathi

Amacandelo amabini eklasi elilawulayo abumba ezizimbini izakhiwo ze-disjoint zezentlalo, ngamnye kunye noqoqosho lwazo, idolophini kunye neendawo zasemaphandleni. Ezinye izixhobo ezinxibelelwano phakathi kwedolophu kunye nelizwe zafumaneka, kodwa abazange badlale indima yokumisela ubudlelwane babo. Inani elinabantu abaninzi basezidolophini (15-20%), ebenziwa ngabathengisi, abathengisi bemali, abenzi bezobugcisa, abalawuli beempi, imikhosi, abakhonzi kunye nama-lumpens, abanakufumana ukutya ababekufunayo kwiivenkile zorhwebo.

Ukutya kunye nezinye iimveliso ezithatyathwe kwidolophana enomusa, zathengiswa ngoncedo lwabafobi beefama okanye ziya ngqo kwiivenkile-zoluntu okanye ezizimeleyo. I-Grandees ayizange isebenzise imveliso eya kwi-bazaar. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwakuquka iimveliso eziveliswe kwiifama zabo zasemaphandleni okanye zithunyelwa ngabathengisi abathembekileyo. Ukuveliswa komsebenzi wesixeko kwakungekelwe kwidolophana, kodwa okokuqala kuyo yonke loo mzi-eyakhe, eyakhelene naye okanye ekude. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ukurhweba kwiimpahla zasezidolophini kungabizwa ngaphandle.

Indiya Kwi-Xvi Century: isakhiwo sangaphakathi.
Isakhiwo sezentlalo zasemaphandleni (abanini-mhlaba abangenalutho, abanini-mhlaba-abalimi, abalimi abangenamhlaba wabo, abasebenzi abangenamhlaba, abakhonzi, abahwebi, abachwephezi) bancike kakhulu kwimandla abo. Ulwalamano lwezoqoqosho phakathi kobugcisa kunye nezolimo lwakhelwe ngokwemigaqo yokuba kwiincwadi zentlalo yanamhlanje zabizwa ngokuthi jajmani, okokuthi, idolophana okanye iqela lelalilalifumene umenzi wezakhono eziyimfuneko, wambopha ngoluhlu lwezinto eziyimfuneko, wamnika isithemba kwisiqwenga sesonka, kwaye wathathwa ngokutshintshiselana nenkonzo yokusebenza Inani elifanelekileyo.

Ulwalamano olufanayo jajmani - ulwalamano lwamaziko, ukungabikho kwemveliso yeeNkonzo - lugxininisa ezinye iinkalo zobomi: ezolimo, inkqubo yoluntu, ubudlelwane benkolo.

Ukutshintshwa kwiimali eziyimfuneko ekusebenziseni ukulima kwezolimo kwanokufumaneka kwiimarike zedolophana, abaxhasi kunye nabarhwebi abancinci phantse kuyo yonke ilali, kwaye ekugqibeleni ngokuthenga izityalo ezibalulekileyo kwiingcambu. Eli nqanaba lokuthengiswa kwemali, ukushiya oluhambelanayo nesiseko sobudlelwane bezoqoqosho lwendalo, lwalukho ngeenkulungwane, kwaye kwakungekho nto leyo ekhokelela ekutshintsheni kwintlalo kwidolophana.

Ngokucacileyo, isizathu esona sikhulu sokuphuculwa kancinci kwenkqubo yerhafu eyathatha ukusuka kwidolophana yonke imali enokukunceda ngayo iimveliso zayo. Kodwa kwakukho ezinye izizathu ezichaphazelayo le nkqubo. Ubume bezentlalo kwidolophana ngokupheleleyo (i-caste hierarchy yendlela yokuphila kunye namabango eqela loluntu) yathintela ukuphuhliswa kweemfuno kunye nokunciphisa ukukhula kwemveliso kunye nemali engenayo kwaye, ngoko ke, ukuthengiswa kwemali.

Indiya Kwi-Xvi Century: isakhiwo sangaphakathi.