Imbubhiso - yintoni na le nto? Iintlobo ukuthotywa neempawu zazo

Igama elithi "kwintshabalalo" nesinempandla Latin. Ngokoqobo, eli gama lithetha "intshabalalo." Eneneni, ngengqiqo ebanzi, nembubhiso - yaphula ingqibelelo kobume eqhelekileyo okanye ukubulawa. Le nkcazelo kungaba kuqondwe kancane. Ngokomzekelo, singatsho ukuba intshabalalo - yinto ekugxilwe okanye icandelwana (s) of ukuziphatha kunye psyche oluntu, kunye nezifundo ebuhlungu kunye enxulumene okanye izinto. Phi kwaye njani le ngcamango xa kusetyenziswa? Malunga eli - kamva kweli nqaku.

ulwazi jikelele

Ingcamango yokuqala kukho imikhosi zabantu izinto ukuba ugxininiso kutshatyalaliswa izinto zangaphandle okanye ngokwakhe, kwasekwa kwiintsomi yamandulo, bulumko, inkolo. La magama kamva wafumana uphuhliso ezithile kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 kuye abathile ukuqonda ezihlaziyiweyo. Abaphengululi abaninzi bathi oku kwanda ukuya nesenzeko ezahlukeneyo eluntwini, iingxaki psychoanalytic, iintlekele ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Le miba ngokufanelekileyo ngokusondeleyo inxaxheba iinkcuba ezahlukeneyo ixesha. Phakathi kwabo, Jung, Freud, Fromm, Gross, Empire kunye nezinye nkolelo kunye neengcali.

Ukusebenza umsebenzi yabantu

Yintoni na ke ukutshatyalaliswa ubuntu kwintsimi career? Xa inkqubo lwemisebenzi umsebenzi ephawulwe inguqu lomntu ngamnye. Profession, kwelinye icala, inegalelo kuphuhliso kwaye ukuyilwa ubuntu. Kwelinye icala, ukuhamba isiphumo etshabalalisayo umntu ngengqiqo ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwasengqondweni. Ngenxa yoko, oko kuqatshelwe ukuba inguqu singobani kwenzeka ephambana omnye komnye. Kummandla wophuhliso lomsebenzi izixhobo kakhulu zezo igalelo ekomelezeni intsingiselo yokuqala bayaphila ukucuthwa ubuncinane yesibini. ukuthotywa Professional kancane ezingasetyenziswanga utshintsho ezingalunganga kwi nobuntu kunye neendlela zokuphila. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba obungabangeli mdla uhlobo olufanayo lomsebenzi ixesha elide. Ngenxa yoko, kwasekwa umgangatho yabasebenzi okungafunekiyo. Baya igalelo kuphuhliso nokomelezwa iingxaki zengqondo kunye nengxabano. Nantso into umsebenzi kwinkalo kukwaphulwa.

amayeza

Kwezinye iimeko, iinkqubo atshabalalisayo negalelo ekupheliseni iziganeko ezithile ezibi. Ingakumbi, le isiphumo uyaqapheleka amayeza. Intshabalalo kunokuba luncedo? Le meko ibangelwa isicelo ngabom, umzekelo, xa G. Xa unyango ezimbi ezahlukeneyo, oogqirha basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye yazo ukutshatyalaliswa radio-rhoqo. Lusetyenziswa izifo ezifana cysts eludongeni lobufazi, intsumpa, ukhukhuliseko, dysplasia. intshabalalo Radiowave wesibeleko yeyona ndlela yalula nekhawulezayo nefuthe kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Le ndlela unyango ezimbi zibe kucetyiswa namankazana nulliparous.

Oncology

Izifo ezininzi zihamba intshabalalo kwithishyu. nezifo ezifana ziquka umhlaza kunye. Enye kwimeko ethile kukho ithumba (nee-) Ewing. Le iseli ithumba ithambo ngeenxa zonke. Le Ithumba iso kwimitha. Xa kuthelekiswa namanye ezinezigulo le leengxaki lwenzeka kwi eselula kakhulu, phakathi kwiminyaka 10 and 20. Ehamba iindumbisa ngamathambo umlenze abachaphazelekayo, kodwa kwakhona ukuphuhlisa kwezinye iindawo. Neoplasm kuquka inabantu amalungiselelo iiseli ajikelezayo. Iimpawu kakhulu iimpawu ziquka ukudumba nokuthantamisa. Sarcoma ezahlukeneyo nokuyinto kunikezelo ezibalulekileyo kwezinye iimeko ubandakanya isebe engundoqo iphela amathambo elide. Ngomhla radiograph kummandla ochaphazelekayo ayikhangeleki ngokubanzi kangangoko enyanisweni. Ngoncedo lwe-MRI ne- CT zigqitywa imida ngezifo. Isifo ihamba intshabalalo amathambo lytic. Olu tshintsho ithathwa ukuba ibe yeyona uphawu kwesi sifo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho kwezinye iimeko kunye "onamaqhakuva" ezahlukahukeneyo of ithambo, kwakheka phantsi periosteum. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba utshintsho data ngaphambili yaba iimpawu yezonyango zakudala. Uxilongo kufuneka zisekelwe biopsy. Oku kungenxa yokuba kukho indlela efanayo lwe X-ray inokubonakalisa ngokuchasene nentsukaphi kwezinye ithambo yamathumba yobubi. Unyango kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa zizifundo ezahlukeneyo imitha, ichemotherapy kunye neendlela zotyando. Ukusetyenziswa kwe zakhiwo yamanyathelo zonyango ishenxisa ngezifo abangaphezu kwama-60% ezigulane ukuba uhlobo yasekuhlaleni of nee- Ewing kaThixo.

intshabalalo chemical

Lo mkhwa singabonakala phantsi kwempembelelo arhente ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, ezi ziquka amanzi, ioksijini, alkoholi, ii-asidi, kunye nabanye. Igalelo emzimbeni kwaye kwakhona senze njenge arhente etshabalalisayo. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi kakhulu ngabantu oko kuchazwe radiation ionizing, ukukhanya, ubushushu, amandla. intshabalalo Chemical - nkqubo leyo ethatha Indawo emane yanika igalelo elibonakalayo. Oku kungenxa kufutshane relative zamandla iimpawu zonke ulwalamano.

Ukwehla kwezinga neeplastikhi

Le nkqubo kuthathwa ukuba kufundwa kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kulo mzekelo, i selectivity waphawula nesenzeko. Le nkqubo ukhatshwa komsipha iibhondi carbon-heteroatom. intshabalalo ngenxa kulo mzekelo i monomer. nenkani kakhulu kwiiarhente zeekhemikhali awayezibona carbon-carbon bond. Kulo ukutshatyalaliswa case - inkqubo kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwa yengqongqo yona okanye phambi amaqela icala ephungula bond amandla chain main ezimbaxa.

ngezigaba

Ngokutsho iimpawu iimveliso ukuthotywa yahlukanisiwe depolymerization nentshabalalo nakanjanina. Kwimeko yokugqibela, oko kuthetha inkqubo apho unikezelo lwe basabela polycondensation. Ngexesha kuyo kutyunyuzwa kwakheka ogama bungu mkhulu unit monomeric. Inkqubo depolymerization ekucingelwa ukuba kwenzeka ngokulandelelana ukungena evela monomers chain buthelezi. Ngamanye amazwi, basabela kwenzeka, uqhagamshelwano malunga lamakhonkco kwi polymerization. Ezi ntlobo zokudlakazeka kunokwenzeka mhlawumbi ngaxeshanye okanye ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kwezi zimbini, mhlawumbi simanga wesithathu. Kulo mzekelo, libhekisela ekutshatyalalisweni ngxaki ekhoyo embindini le macromolecule. Kwinkqubo wentshabalalo nokuhlangana random kwenzeka drop ngokwaneleyo ngokukhawuleza ubunzima Polymer eziphilayo. Xa depolarization yale isiphumo elicothayo kakhulu. Umzekelo, eqobekayo बिट्स ukuba ubunzima beemolekyuli ka-44.000, izinga polymerization ukwimo intsalela phantse ingaguqukanga kude kube mzuzu xa depolymerization lidlulile 80%.

ewisa thermal

Xa umgaqo iikhompawundi nxamnye kukwahlukana phantsi ubushushu kufuneka kwahluka ezizizembiwa nokuqhekeka, indlela chain Nokubekwa ngokuqiniseka okuphelele. Ngokuhambelana kunye nesakhiwo eekhemikhali Iipholima ixhomekeke nokumelana ukuba bubushushu, izinga yokubola iimpawu imveliso kwasekwa inkqubo. Inyathelo lokuqala, ke, ndiya kusoloko ukuyilwa radicals simahla. Ukwandisa indlela ihamba isekethi decoupling ukuhla ubunzima eziphilayo. Uphazamiseko kunokwenzeka yi disproportionation okanye recombination of radicals simahla. Kulo mzekelo, ukutshintsha kobume iqhezu Inokwenzeka, ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo kunye branched lwesithuba yaye zingavela imixokelelwane kabini kwi iziphelo macromolecules.

Izinto ezichaphazela izinga inkqubo

Ngexesha ukuthotywa emhlabeni, njengawuphi na lunikezelo chain reaction kwenzeka ngeendleko amacandelo ikwazi ngokulula iba ibe radicals simahla. Deceleration Kuyaqapheleka phambi iikhompawundi ukuba acceptors. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, ukunyusa izinga lokuguqulwa phantsi kwempembelelo irabha ingqalelo azo kunye necandelo diazo. Ngeli ngokushushubeza i Iipholima kubushushu ukusuka degrees 80 ukuya kwi-100 kunye ubukho ezi lwabasunguli zimakishwe ukuthotywa kuphela. Ngenxa yokwanda lwee- umchiza kwi isisombululo Abantu basabela ngeendlela nakolu aphakathi ezikhokelela gelation kwaye ukuyilwa kobume lwendawo. Xa inkqubo nokuqhekeka thermal of Iipholima kunye ukwehliswa avareji ubunzima ezinto eziphilayo kunye utshintsho noshowo liyasetyenziswa depolymerization (cleavage monomer). Xa amaqondo obushushu ngaphezu kweqondo lama-60 xa yokubola block of imethyl eqobekayo बिट्स phambi kwe benzoyl peroxide chain kukhethwa iphela yi disproportionation. Ngenxa yoko, isiqingatha molekyuli kufuneka babe nolwalamano terminal kabini. Kulo mzekelo, kuyacaca ukuba macromolecular umsantsa zifuna ngaphantsi molecule ifumile, amandla lusebenze.