LinguBaltasar Gracian: aphorisms kunye biography

LinguBaltasar Gracian - umbhali ebalulekileyo Spanish kwenkulungwane ye-17. Wahlanganisa ngempumelelo izinto zokomoya kunye nezehlabathi - wayengumbingeleli wamaJesuit sobulumko ngexesha elifanayo. I-lifa washiya incwadi esihle, nto leyo eyayifikelela kwi-i anthology yoncwadi Spanish kwaye nangoku imisebenzi ezaziwa ixesha ezimbejembeje.

biography

Ngokutsho kulwazi oluncinane, linguBaltasar Gracian wazalwa ngo-1601 e-Belmonte, Spain. Yena unyana kwagqirha yelizwe amahlwempu, yaye ukususela ebuntwaneni waye bayahlelwa azigcinele umbingeleli. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1619, umalume wakhe nayo yamnceda ukubhalisa esikolweni bamaKatolika of Huesca kunye Calatayud. Emva kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, Grasian linguBaltasar ngokuzimeleyo wafunda igrama kunye bulumko emizini Girona kunye Kallatayuda, ngo-1623 waba nethamsanqa ukuba umfundi kwiYunivesithi Zaragoza, apho wazibhokoxa ukuze isifundo wezakwalizwi.

Emva kokuba egqibe eyunivesithi, umbhali elizayo waba ngumfundisi mpendulo negrama kwikholeji Kalalyutuda. Ngowe-1631 yena wagqithela uqeqesho olungaphezulu esikolweni le bamaKatolika, apho ulungiselela abashumayeli kunye kwezono.

indawo zoncwadi

Ngowe-1636, linguBaltasar Gracian waqalisa kwisigaba esitsha lobomi bakhe. Yena linxibelelene intshukumo isixeko Huesca, nto leyo ngaloo mihla neziko elibalulekileyo yenkcubeko kwiphondo naseAragon. Uhambise iye yanxulunyaniswa kunye nokuqeshwa entsha - waba kwitempile wengingqi Grasianu ukuba ube ngumshumayeli. Kulapha awabazalelwayo amagama amatsha kummandla inkcubeko, uncwadi nobugcisa, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo umoya linguBaltasar Gracian wagqiba ukubhala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala zoncwadi.

Othi "Hero"

umbiko wakhe wokuqala Gracian ebizwa ngokuba "Hero". Lo msebenzi wokubhala yabhalwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, nje unyaka emva kokuba sifudukele Huesca. uncedo olukhulu ukubhala umbhali imbali elizayo wayengumhlobo zizityebi nabantu abadumileyo, owaba ilayibrari entle. "Hero" - umzekelo omhle iprozi zamaxesha yayisetyenziselwa, apho, njengoko esipilini, yabonisa isidima kunye neempawu yokuziphatha kufuneka ibe abo bafuna ukuba bafumane ukuqondwa phakathi noontanga babo. Ekubeni lo msebenzi Gracian waqalisa ukuphuhlisa umxholo bulumko yokuziphatha. Eyokuqala imbali yapapashwa phantsi igama noLorenzo Gracian, obeyindoda umzala Balthazar, ngenxa yokuba, ngokutsho imimiselo esinguMyalelo weNkundla, bamaKatolika andinalungelo ukupapasha imisebenzi yabo, ukuba akubanga self-imingcele.

"Pocket Nal '

-Sobulumko idumileyo bazisa ingqokelela yakhe kweekowuteshini kunye aphorisms, eyaziwa ngokuba "Pocket Nal." Inika aphorisms linguBaltasar Gracian kunye uMorales, abanikela indlela yabo umfundi nehlekisayo ukuba bubulumko kunye nomonde. Umzekelo, ngamazwi eyaziwa Gracian ezifana:

• "Nokuba ngonyama efileyo imivundla u-";
• "A ithuba elilungileyo ukukhokela ixesha abaninzi wendlela";
• "Kufeziwe kungekudala - kungekudala kutshatyalaliswa";
• "Ngaba kuba njalo Island: fun obungunaphakade - ukuba unobangela yokuphazamiseka";
• "Ayikwazi ukumelana nemeko - inkathazo ngaphantsi kwe hayi uqale lonke ityala, kuba ulinqatha, umi ngamanzi kunye awuqalanga".

Ezo moralizing elifutshane intetho kule ncwadi kakhulu eninzi. LinguBaltasar Gracian, amazwi zakhe kudlamka kangaka nehlekisayo, liye ngokukhawuleza zaziwa nezaziwayo. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi uncwadi buthuntu zakwalizwi amazwi akhe ngaloo umpefumlo lamanzi aphilileyo, mbeko imfundo Spanish. Epokothweni Nal lidumile eSpeyin aphesheya - ngexesha ubomi linguBaltasar Gracian yomsebenzi ezincinane zoncwadi sele iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi zaseYurophu.

Phezulu italente

Yaye Grasian linguBaltasar, nabagxeki bakhe ngokufanelekileyo ingqalelo umsebenzi engundoqo kwinoveli le sombhali "Carper". Ibonisa Gracian umbono ngayo okona kufuneka olujongwayo lubonwe. Iincwadi iphiko iye aqheleka kakhulu yamandulo kade, kwaye apha, kule iminyaka eliwaka, linguBaltasar wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele kule fomu-ukubalisa amabali. Abalinganiswa abaphambili fanekisela uhlobo nenkcubeko neempawu vangama ngenyameko nenkanuko ezizenzekelayo. Ekupheleni kwale ngxelo iqukumbela ukuba indalo ezayo iziphene, yaye ekugqibeleni inkcubeko zokonga ihlabathi kwaye ikhokelela ukuze ungonakali. Njengoko kunye neminye imisebenzi yakhe, lo inoveli iza kutyobelwa egameni lomnye umntu.

linguBaltasar lemveli

Le minyaka elishumi yokugqibela yobomi bakhe ezinikelwe ukubhala Gracian "Kritikona" ngumthamo bomsebenzi, uthetha indawo umntu ebomini mihla. umsebenzi wengqesho uye umbhali nodumo olukhulu nozuko, kodwa wothuswa kakhulu wamaJesuit uMyalelo, ulawulo lwayo aneliseke imisebenzi zoncwadi yombingeleli.

Ekupheleni ubomi bakhe umbingeleli uya abhale enye into eyodwa, zisayinwe igama lakhe - linguBaltasar Gracian. Iincwadi epapashwe ngaphambili, esele ahamba lizwe, kodwa abanye babo esesikweni ababhali. Xa wakhe othi "Iingcinga malunga umthendeleko," umbhali kwisiqalo yokucinga kuphela zonqulo renounces imisebenzi yakhe zoncwadi. Kufuneka ukuba kwenziwe, ekubeni lo uMyalelo ulwalathiso unyamezelo bamaKatolika yafikelela esiphelweni. Noko ke, kungekudala kuza inxalenye yokugqibela "Kritikona" Akuthandabuzeki ukuba babephuma ngenkxola Balthazar, yaye umbhali bamsa ematyaleni. Yena iyasuswa lwelungelo kunye sochinitelstvovat lokushumayela, ithunyelwe nedolophu apho uhlala phantsi kweliso elibukhali abazalwana wamaJesuit. Gracian ubomi kungona uphila - wafa ngoDisemba 6, 1658, emva kokuba abaphila ngaphantsi konyaka emva wamaJesuit enkundleni.