Ubunye eJamani ngowe-1990, kwaye neziphumo zayo zezopolitiko

Ubunye eJamani ngowe-1990 kwaphawula nokusonjululwa umbuzo waseJamani. Kuye kwavulwa ukususela ngexesha kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa amazwe noloyiso alifikeleli kuvumelana izimvo ikamva imimandla yabo umsebenzi kwindawo eyayisakuba kwilizwe umhlaseli. Isizathu soku asanelanga zenene xesha, imeko waba longquzulwano eSoviet Union kunye West. Le Umbuzo German ebesoloko yabangela Ukuvutha ngeziqu.

Ngokucacileyo, xa lokumanywa Germany kakhulu amaqembu abongameli USSR kunye US, uMikhail Gorbachev noGeorge HW Bush. Ngaphandle intando kwamagunya amakhulu amabini, umbuzo kwe siseko zezopolitiko asikwazanga ukusonjululwa. Noko ke, iintloko zezindlu ezinkulu mazwe-guarantors ingqalelo iinketho uhlanganiso ecetywayo kuphela. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imbeko ekhethekileyo - ukuba kunikwa isihloko elifuziselayo umakhi abamanyeneyo Jamani, lizisa uqoqosho entsha inamandla eYurophu, kokwabo oziphethe waseJamani uHelmut kohl. xelela ngokufutshane ngayo.

Chancellor: "yokuhlanganisa isiJamani"

Lo ngumntu ekhethekileyo. Wasinda zaphawula ezine: kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukuvuselelwa koqoqosho waseJamani, uphuhliso akhe amakhulu, yaye ekugqibeleni, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX wenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwezombangazwe kwi begazi of Germany (1990). Chancellor kwinqanaba lemfundo afunyenwe ntlekele bazive boyiswa kwaye yahlulwa lizwe bakholwa ukunxulumana yayo elizayo. Noko ke, nkqu wayethembe ukuba inkqubo elidibanayo ziza kuqaliswa ukuze dynamically. Ubuncinane, njengoko amazwi akhe ngaphambili, wayekholelwa ukuba esi siganeko akuyi kwenzeka ngemihla yakhe.

Kohl njenge nkqubo pro-German yaba ubugcisa kwaye iziphethe. ephikisana kunye uMargaret Thatcher, awayezama ukulibazisa inkqubo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngaba n'wi xixima.

BaseJamani, ukhunjulwa ngokuba "yingqonyela umanyano zaseJamani." Ukuba urhulumente wezwe sele ikomkhulu lombutho, yaye kungekudala kohl waba yingqonyela yokuqala Germany emanyeneyo. Eli nqaku lijonge ukuba ukuqaqambisa ubunye eJamani ngenkqubo, ukunikela ingqalelo zabafaki zayo kunye namanyathelo asisiseko.

amandla GDR: ungonakala yezopolitiko

kuluntu lwentando yesininzi, ikhokelwa nokungasebenzi uqoqosho kwimo lwencwadi enoncedo ye saseGDR sample 90-sha kwinkulungwane edlulileyo sasingumba nabagxeki ezininzi historiography. Of noqoqosho amaninzi ezicatshuliweyo mali sentsilelo imo saseGDR, kwakunye ukukhula kwamatyala angaphandle. Noko ke, elithile elikhulu ubukho GDR njengelizwe ithetha ukuba lisisiseko inkqubo yayo yezopolitiko. Communist Party UErich Honecker i German kwaye ngoku kukuba ngokuba "Iron UErich."

Washumayela umanyano myalelo, waba nezangaphakathi izinto ezintsha. Le iminqweno yobukomanisi, oko lagqithisa ezilindelekileyo yiJamani. Ngoko ke, umphumo yokuqala ukunyuka intshukumo abantu GDR yaba ukususwa kwakhe amandla, i 17.10.1989

Noko ke, ngenxa GDR abavakalelwa karhulumente, nkqu amanyathelo uzinziso elifanelekileyo ecetywayo esikhundleni sakhe Egon Krenz, sele kuphumelele.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ubunye

Iminyaka zempilo i-German Democratic Republic ababalwayo. Kucacile ukuba umanyano Germany akwazi ukuthatha indawo kwimigaqo ngesakhiwo karhulumente lixesha le GDR. Oku kubonakala ku:

• inguqu kan- kwenkqubo yezopolitiko kwiimfuno emarikeni, xa kuthelekiswa ne imodeli yiSoviet (Gorbachev, perestroika), IsiPolish (multi-party);
• ukuyilwa Rule yale inkcaso 12.09.2009 currency - intshukumo "Democracy Namhlanje";
• indiva iimfuno eziphambili inkcaso - ingxoxo kazwelonke;
• uzama isisombululo yomkhosi ingxaki yeembacu, esebenzisa visa eJamani nge Hungary kunye Austria (abemi GDR wabhenela Embassy German abhace kwezopolitiko kwaye wafumana leyo);
• indiva intando abantu ngelilelakhe kunyulo rough zokulawula iiseyile zikamasipala ngoMeyi 1989

Ngokwesiseko entsha Greater Germany

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, xa yemihla ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ifihle ngcono kakhulu ngoonobangela. Ubunye eJamani ngowe-1990 eyayibanjelwe kwintando yabantu waseJamani, abo baqhubeka bazive simanyane Federal Republic of Germany kunye waseJamani Democratic Republic. Thina, Kakade ke, musa ithathele ingqalelo iingxelo ze abezopolitiko ezithile ezinkulu (ngoko ke, umgaqo-nkqubo). Thina awunamdla manani, igxininisa umahluko phakathi koqoqosho eQhelekileyo yaseMpuma kunye West Jamani, kwaye "uphando" ngakumbi iintatheli ngalo mba. Ukucaciswa kulo mba, esilishumayelayo xa kokugqitywa nqaku.

Into esemqoka - enye: Union wayefuna phantse onke amaJamani. Ovalelweyo, inkqubo le unonophelo amazwe noloyiso. Ngapha koko, wonke umntu wayesazi: elo lizwe-inkokheli elitsha iya kuba eYurophu. Ngethamsanqa, ukwesaba kwaba ezingeyomfuneko: elitsha eJamani Ekuveleni yenkokheli ngenkulungwane xxi ukhethe indlela Ukuhlanganiswa yaseYurophu, hayi ungquzulwano.

Yintoni amaJamani ngokwabo ukuhlangana?

Xa press yelo xesha namanqaku amaninzi akugubungele begazi lwe eJamani ngowe-1990, udliwano abantu abaninzi. Ukuhlalutya udliwano-ndlebe kunye amaJamani bodwa isimo sabo ukuba urhulumente wabo omtsha, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo becala banalo ngendlela ekhethekileyo ukubiza ilizwe labo. Kwaye igama lakhe, savakala khona kwezi ndlebe, akazange idibana kunye negosa ilifa eJamani.

abantu abaqhelekileyo, hayi besithi ilizwi, ebizwa nje kuphela i-Germany Omkhulu. Noko ke, amazwi abo akuzanga waziva nokuba likratshi okanye ndlongo. Bathi (it waziva) Wathi tersely, kodwa ngokusuka entliziyweni, yaye la mazwi ukuva intando kumanyano ukuba ukuzeka kade umsindo kubantu behlabathi, wadlula ezininzi iimvavanyo. Aba bantu babekulungele ukusebenza uze uphile kwilizwe emanyeneyo.

Le Dynamics inkqubo wobunye

Kakade ke, ukutshatyalaliswa Berlin Wall, apho wakhonza ukuqhubeka ubhalo ukupheliswa 09.11.1989, abasemagunyeni GDR ban ngotyelelo West Berlin, liye laba uphawu catalyzing ubunye Germany (1990).

Ngamafutshane, le ndlu imela iCandelo amaJamani. Ukusuka 13.8.1961, waba phezu kujikelezo km 165 sibiyelwe indawo ye yali German Democratic Republic (konstitutsionalizirovannoy zone umsebenzi eSoviet) ukusuka West Berlin.

nababusi Ngaloo yobusoshiyali ziye sinamafu ukuhamba abantu uphupha lokuphila kuluntu kwimarike, enyanisweni lucky, wabamba "kwelinye icala ludilike" kulwakhiwo eludongeni, oko wayesele echithe kakhulu - malunga 2 million abantu ..

mbali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba era Rubicon mihla azazi lokumanywa eJamani ngowe-1990, kwaye ukutshatyalaliswa iindonga.

Oku waphefumlela abantu uxolo oningcangcazelisayo. Ngabemi GDR efuna ukuba bangene "kobungxowa behlabathi West eBerlin" nokuzama ngabom ku lwisana imitha-5 ucingo eliphezulu ngocingo oluhlabayo ngaphezulu kunye iimboniselo ecaleni kwebala, ngemipu wavula umlilo. Bhala ngayo ibuhlungu; kodwa ke imbali ubukho besi iziko ngo-1065 sonakala yi ekuswelekeni abahlali abamsulwa.

Akumangalisi ukuba abantu phezu kweentloko apho amashumi omane gunners, ngoko wavakalisa umnqweno wabo inkululeko?

Umlinganiselo amazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuya ukuhlanganiswa ithi German

IBrithani France ngokusesikweni aqonde akunakuphepheka ukuhlanganiswa eJamani, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, ngokwenene ekhawulezayo ubunye eJamani (1990). izikhundla amazwe 'zancitshiswa ukuba elinye inkqubo.

Umzekelo, British iNkulumbuso Margaret Thatcher wanikela ekuqaleni ukuba kwenzeka utshintsho ixesha elide GDR zeemarike-based. "I-Iron Lady" liye wayigxininisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba "Association German akukenzeki kwi-ajenda." UMongameli French Fransua Mitteran yaba ngaphantsi categorical, nangona yayiza kakhulu amalungiselelo ukuba basebenzisane Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic, njengoko enze ngako kunye Austria (nelinye ilizwe German).

Ngenxa yokoyika iinkokeli esiseko ethile. Emva athole amandla na ekuqaleni phakathi kwinkulungwane XX waye umqalisi kwiimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi, sele iqalile eYurophu.

Yintoni na ke besoyika? Njengoko kanye UKarl Marx wabhala, eJamani - "nomzingeli ofuna repartition kwihlabathi iinkalo yempembelelo emagemeni abo." Noko ke, Ngqonyela uHelmut kohl ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukuba beyiseke abamelwane ukuba uxolo kunye prohelsinskoy eyakhayo eziqhelekileyo indawo yaseYurophu karhulumente entsha waseJamani.

I-United States ukususela kwasekuqaleni wabona ukuba emva lokumanywa eJamani ngowe-1990 iza kuba kwiziko elitsha lombutho EU. Eli lizwe benzani i ally ethembekileyo sobuchule uhlanganiso waseJamani. YiSoviet Union, ke, akazange adale naziphi na iingxaki iphupha abantu German.

Inkqubo yokudibanisa

indawo Regulatory ku hanya isiJamani ngaphambili zaphuhliswa zaze zamkelwa kwi ukusayinwa iSivumelwano, elawula yokuhlaliswa lokugqibela umbuzo waseJamani.

Isivumelwano yasayinwa kwifomula "4 + 2": West Jamani, eMpuma Jamani, eUnited States, USSR, UK, France. ukusayina ezingeyomfuneko senzeka 31.08.1990, e Berlin Palace "Unter Den Linden". Gqaba-gqaba ngesi siganeko wabonisa ukuba siganeko ibalulekileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX, ubomi eYurophu begazi of Germany (1990).

Amafoto Heads of State, kwakunye abantu akhoyo kule siganeko, abonisa ukuba "imbali ekwenziweni" ezindongeni nqaba. Kakade ke, injongo ephambili yaba ukudityaniswa umanyano lwesizwe. Yaba umzekelo uxhulumaniso ngaphakathi kwenye imo anoqoqosho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zentlalo karhulumente.

Kwi sivumelwano ubunye

Pre ukusuka ithi German asayine isivumelwano wabeka uMphathiswa Interior Volfang Shoyble West Jamani kunye noNobhala State of yiPalamente GDR Gunther Krause. Isivumelwano ngokwayo kukuphumeza nemimiselo yeSiqendu XXIII ye -siseko German ngokujoyina saseGDR ukuya FRG.

12.09.1990 eMoscow aBaphathiswa leMicimbi yangaPhandle amazwe iziqinisekiso esayiniweyo ekugqibeleni iSivumelwano wahlala le nkqubo.

Ngenxa yoko, ngokutsho isivumelwano, ngamaxesha 0 imizuzu 00 ka-14.10.1990, kwi-Federal Republic of Germany wangena kumazwe imbali German: ummandla East Berlin, eThuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg.

Ubunye eJamani xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iziganeko ka 1990

A into ukwazi - imbali. uhlalutyo wakhe ukholisa ivelisa iziphumo umdla.

Ixesha elide ngokwahlukana karhulumente pereosoznaniya ebekufudulwa baseJamani ngaphambi izicwangciso ibe yinyani. Yintoni sifumana impendulo, ukuba ucela (ithetha hayi inkalo ngokulandelelana, kunye nempucuko): "? Ubunye Germany (1990) xa indawo"

Kulo nyaka, xa eSoviet Union waba ngumlawuli wokuqala (nezokugqibela) UMongameli, xa Armenian SSR ibhengeze imfazwe Azerbayzhanskoy SSR, xa ulawulo multi-wesithathu, xa Party wamaKomanisi aye ohlulwa ePoland yasekwa eYugoslavia (PZPR). Ukuba Western naseYurophu iinkqubo eMpuma ekuhlanganiseni - umehluko.

ixesha olukhawulezisiweyo. Qala inkqubo self-ukuphiliswa senkcubeko yoluntu, "ukuba ebegula" ubuzwe nolobukomanisi. Kwaye kuyamangalisa ukuba sesiqale eYurophu. Ngubani ebeya kucinga, umzekelo, ukuba kwinkulungwane xxi nkqubo German ayeza kuba ngumba uzinze uxolo eYurophu?

Kodwa ababhali-mbali tsalela Rubicon yaseYurophu ubunye eJamani (1990). Imiphumo esi siganeko - lo bulumko: baseYurophu ngaphambili amorphous kwezepolitiki ekugqibeleni waqalisa ukunxulumana ngokwazo kunye commonality ethile.

isiphelo

Siye sahlolisisa ubunye eJamani ngowe-1990, wafunda njengoko ndlebe kunye amaJamani ngokwabo, kwakunye iinguqulelo eendaba waseJamani. Ngelishwa, imithombo basekhaya kule nkcukacha - uphambene. Umkhondo iinzame wolinciphisa indima lalo mbutho.

Umzekelo, oku bulges ukuvalwa elandelayo yale nkampani GDR-ovskogo phambili "Robotron" elektroniki (enziwe, ingakumbi, i-PC kuqala). Ngelo xesha ukufihla iqiniso ukuba iiyunithi zawo zaye zathengwa yinkampani "Siemens", leyo kubaxhobisa ngeteknoloji entsha, phezu komyalelo waphakamisa ukhuphiswano abo ehlabathini.

Abathatha eligcwele wecawa eMpuma Jamani ezinqkqenkqeza neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokudalwa kwezakhiwo ezitsha zorhwebo (umzekelo, i-Frankfurt Stock Exchange). Ngazandla zamntu bacinge ukuba ubomi GDR baphela ukulawula Federal Republic of Germany abantu abaphantsi koxinzelelo kwaye pine ukuze socialism.

Noko ke Enyanisweni, - uhlengahlengiso enkulu yonke shishino le GDR kukhokelele begazi of Germany (1990). Lokwazisa umxholo wayo endaweni lwekhemikhali, elukiweyo, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ukusebenzela kumazwe yali baqalisa ukuba ubuchwephetshe ngqo (kwakusazeka kakuhle ukuba amaJamani - ezo njineli engcono kwihlabathi), ishishini lokwakha, ngokukhanya, izithuthi, yokudla. Inkqubo yaququzelelwa leli German ngokuqinileyo nangokucacileyo. imisebenzi Ukucanda kuhlawula izibonelelo, ukuba bahlaziywe ukuba izakhono ezitsha. Abantu ziphuma yobudala yomhlala-phantsi, kodwa wafumana umhlala-phantsi.

Ekuphetheni ntetho yale phepha, siya nokubonisa ukuqiniseka kwethu ukuba lokumanywa eJamani ngowe-1990 kunye neziphumo zayo zezopolitiko unangoku kakuhle bafunda kwaye zihlalutywe.