Yintoni i "ibango ufuna ubungqina"

Ngokwesiko ke Kuthathwa ukuba wabaseki inzululwazi geometry zezi kwanamaGrike, ngubani loans amaYiputa ubuchule ukulinganisa imiqulu imizimba ezahlukeneyo kunye nomhlaba. AmaYiputa amandulo, ngokumisela imithetho jikelele ekuhambeni kwexesha, wenza imisebenzi yokuqala zokwalatha. Babonakalisa onke amalungiselelo yomendo ubhalo evela kwinani elincinane izindululo nedokazyvaemyh okanye elikuwo. Ngoko ke, ukuba saziwe - ingxelo ayifuni ubungqina bokuba abanjalo "ibango kufuna ubungqina"? Phambi kokuba uqonde oku, kufuneka uqonde ukuba yintoni na igama elithi "ubungqina".

incazo kombono

Ubungqina (ukugwetyelwa) imele inyaniso ubhalo inkqubo yokuseka mvume ngqo ngezinye amabango esele ubungqina bokuba ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, xa ufuna ukungqina esixhasayo A ikhethiwe ezinjalo izigwebo B, C no-D, apho A lulandelayo njengesiphumo nengqondo.

Ubungqina asetyenziswa kwinzululwazi, iqanjwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izigqibo ezinxulumene omnye komnye ukuze uphando zifuneka phambili ukuze uKhanya ukuvela komnye, njalo-njalo.

Le ubungqina kwizifundo zesayensi

Uphuhliso nayiphi na inzululwazi emiselwe iqondo isicelo kulo ubungqina ngazo ku hlamusela inyaniso kunye sikutyele ezinye izityholo. Ukuba ubungqina wanceda ukuphelisa ezingachanekan lokuvula isithuba ubuchule zenzululwazi. A iifom nabo uxhulumaniso phakathi amabango ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi ethile eyenza kube lula ukufumanisa isakhiwo yayo ubhalo.

Kule mihla iyokuma ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa ubuhlakani nemathematika, ukuba iindlela analysis xa kukho imfuneko ukuchonga intelekelelo isakhiwo.

zezibalo

Kuba baninzi, uyiqonda le inzululwazi, ezifana nemathematika, umbuzo umbuzo ukuba mazwi, befuna ubungqina. Phendula ( "avatar" kububungqina bale) - le theorem.

It is a ingxelo zemathematika, ogama ukuchana sele efakwe ubungqina. Ngokwayo, umba "theorem" iye yaguquka kunye ingcamango "ubungqina zemathematika". Ukususela yokucingela indlela axiomatic, lo theorem nawuphi mfundiso ezo ngxelo avela kuphela ndlela ubhalo yokuphuma iingxelo ezithile fixed ngaphambili, ebizwa elikuwo. Yaye ekubeni saziwe kuyinyaniso, oko kumele ukuba yinyaniso, kwaye theorem.

ingxelo olandelayo kufuna ubungqina (theorem), nto leyo ngokusondeleyo edibene ingqiqo "enengqondo umphumela". Ngoko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubo ingqiqo svolsya kwavusa ifomula okanye iingxelo lwezibalo zichazwe ulwimi ethile ezibekwe imithetho enxulumene ukuba umxholo zesindululo kunye uhlobo yayo. Ngenxa yoko, ithiyori ngayo isebenza njengobungqina ukulandelelana ifomula, nganye into axiomatic.

Kwimathematika, ingxelo theorem okanye efuna ubungqina ke indlela yokugqibela kwinkqubo ukuveza umbono. Le ekuqulunqeni kwamiswa ngenxa usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zezibalo. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iingcamango axiomatic, ezo inxenye yamasebe ezahlukeneyo kwimathematika, aziphelelanga. Ngoko ke, kukho izityholo kuqondakale okanye falsity apho akunakwenzeka ukuseka indlela yingqiqo esekelwe elikuwo. ukuba theory Loo ezingenakunyibilika hayi indlela ukuxazulula.

Ngoko ke, lo ibango kufuna ubungqina kwimathematika Oku kubizwa i theorem.

ifilosofi

Ifilosofi isayensi lifunda inkqubo kolwazi malunga iimpawu kunye nemigaqo ekhoyo kunye nolwazi. Ngoko ke, kule ngongoma oko ibango kufuna ubungqina? Impendulo: "Avatar," utsho lo ithisisi.

Yena kule meko isikhundla-zobulumko okanye abefundisi, ingxelo leyo ekufuneka kwaba. Kumaxesha amandulo, eli gama liye yazuza ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo, ukususela ngoko, ingcamango "uchasaniso", olukuye yinkcazelo azingqinelani okanye lako. Ke Kant wasondela ingqalelo into yokuba kunokwenzeka ukuvakalisa iingxelo eziphikisanayo kunye mbono efanayo. Umzekelo, kunokwenzeka ukungqina ukuba ihlabathi obungenasiphelo wavuka ngengozi, le nto ndiyibhalayo athom ayahlukahlukenanga, kuyo kukho inkululeko. iingxelo ezifana sobulumko kuqatshelwe njenge iseti yethisisi uchasaniso kunye. Le ngxelo kuphikisana kufuna ubungqina, kunye kuphikisana ezingenakunyibilika, ngenxa yokuba ingqondo uya ngaphaya amakhono engqondweni yomntu.

Ifilosofi into enye nasengcamangweni kubalelwa kwipropati, ngelo xesha elinye sikhatyiwe. Ngenxa yoko, la macandelo ezikhoyo ngomanyano, kufuneka ukuba izinto ezintathu: iimeko yabangela (proof) namabinza.

Ngokusekelwe konke oku Gegel ndlela ngengqiqo kususelwe, ngokusekelwe utshintsho ukusuka ithisisi ngu Ubungqina ezwi. Lube isixhobo i ngenxa ukwakhiwa ezikhona.

logic

Xa anengqondo ingxelo kufuna ubungqina, nezaziwa ngokuba ithisisi. Kulo mzekelo, esisebenza ngayo njengoko isigwebo echanileyo eyayityhala welinye icala, umele izizathu inkqubo ubungqina. Le thesis yeyona nto iphambili ingxabano.

imithetho

Kuyo yonke inkqubo ezivezwa kwithesisi kufuneka kuhlala injalo. Ukuba le meko kantu, oku kukhokelela ekubeni le ngxelo abangayi kuba ukuba wawancamisa ekuhleni. Apha umsebenzi ngesiqhelo, "Ngubani na eninzi ubungqina loo nto ayithethi nto!"

Phawula enye into ingqalelo lo mbuzo, ibango kufuna ubungqina kufuneka ibe multi-kakhulu. Lo mthetho ethintela kwindawo nzima xa ibonisa. Umzekelo, amaxesha amaninzi umntu uthi kangaka, ngokungathi naziphi na ubungqina, kodwa kuhlala ayicacanga, njengoko argument yayo ngokungenammiselo. Le ubumbaxa le ngxelo kukhokelela iingxabano naziqhamo, ukususela nganye amaqela kufuneka iimbono ezahlukeneyo le meko yaba.

Le ngxelo ayisichazeli ukuba isiqinisekiso

Okunye Aristotle, ucinga umbuzo we yebango mnyakazo, wabeka phambili imfundiso syllogisms. Syllogisms luqulathe iinkcazo ezinjalo, leyo eziqulathe igama elithi "kwangathi" okanye "kufanele" endaweni "into". Ezo ngxelo zibizwa kungafaneleki, ngokuba engazanga kwaba iimeko zabo. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo kwindawo yokuqala ukwenzela uphuhliso yenzululwazi. Ngokutsho Aristotle, yonke inzululwazi kufuneka iqale iingxelo zingeyomfuneko ubungqina. Wayibiza elikuwo.

saziwe

Le ngxelo ayithethi ubungqina kufuna - yinto saziwe. Akukho mfuneko ukungqina ku umkhuba, kuyimfuneko kuphela ukuba achaze ukuba kwacaca. Ethetha elikuwo, uAristotle ingqalelo geometry nothabatha uhlobo systematization. IMathematika isayensi lokuqala, apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa iingxelo ezifuna akukho sesa ekugwetyelweni. Emva koko kwabakho isayensi zokuzigwebela isindululo iiplanethi kuyimfuneko ukubhenela izibalo. Njengoko ubona, inzululwazi yayisele emgceni ngathi lwemigangatho.

Types of Sciences Aristotle

Aristotle kwiinjongo eziphambili abeke phambili iintlobo ezintathu Sciences. inzululwazi senkolelo zinika ulwazi kwimbono apho izimvo eziphikisayo. Math apha owona mzekelo mhle. Kwakhona ziquka yemvelo kunye ezikhona.

Sciences Practical zenzelwe ukuba ufunde ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu ekuhlaleni. Oku kuquka, umzekelo, zokuziphatha.

Technical Sciences ajolise ekudalweni kwendalo bezinto yolawulo ukusetyenziswa kwazo ebomini okanye ukonwabela ubuhle abo.

logic Aristotelian asisiso elinye iqela Sciences. Kusebenza indlela jikelele yokuqhuba izinto, nto leyo inyanzelekile ngalinye zenzululwazi. Anengqondo thaca njengesixhobo, nto leyo eza kwakha uphando lwezenzululwazi, kuba oko kunika iikhrayitheriya lokwahlula kunye nobungqina.

analytics

Umhlaziyi ufunda iintlobo ubungqina. Ibola ukucinga zibe kumacandelo ezilula, yaye kubo sele ihamba kwiintlobo ezintsonkothileyo yokucinga. Ngenxa yoko, ubungqina isakhiwo ingakufuni ingqalelo.

Ngenxa yoko, i-logic nokuhlaziywa ukuba bahlole ukuba ngaba ibango enjalo, oko akuthethi ukuba ubungqina. Oko kukuthi, kuba ezi mveliso luphawulwa elikuwo ulwandiso. Kwakhona, bona badla ukucacisa into yokuba mazwi, befuna ubungqina. Iimpendulo zale mibuzo yonke kwisebe lenzululwazi, kuba akukho yesayensi ayikho ngaphandle logic nobukrelekrele.

Ubudlelwane sebaleni

Ekubeni ingqalelo umbuzo wokuba yintoni mazwi, efuna ubungqina, kwacaca: uhlobo ubungqina yeyokuba la mazwi, leyo wengxabano inxulumene imeko eyiyo yezinto, okanye kunye namanye amanqaku, ukuchana leyo ethe yabonakala ngaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, inyaniso izityholo nga ukungqinisiseka ngokusebenzisa kulingo (physical, bemvelo, imichiza), iziphumo olubonakalayo ukuze ungafikelwa imigwebo lowu okanye hayi. Ngamanye amazwi, iziphumo zophando ziya kuba kububungqina inyaniso iingxelo, okanye ukwalela yayo.

Kwaye kwezinye iimeko, xa akunakwenzeka ukuqhuba experiment, abantu asebenzise ezinye amabango lwenene guilabel inyaniso amazwi akhe. obo bungqina namhlanje esetyenziswa kwinzululwazi, apho izinto ziba ngaphandle kwemida amathuba abantu wati kubo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi kwimathematika, apho imigwebo ayikwazi ngokomfuniselo avavanywe. Ngoko ke, lo ibango kufuna ubungqina "Avatar" libhekisela theorem, ekuphela kwendlela ukuseka inyaniso nto leyo ubungqina ezibanjwayo isekelwe kwiingxelo okwenyaniso Tobacco ngaphambili.

iziphumo

Ingxelo leyo efuna ubungqina kufuneka sixhaswe iingxoxo. Njengoko bazenze amasiko asele eqinisekisiwe, umzekelo, elikuwo, imithetho, iingcaciso, equlethe iingxelo ka mhaka leyi. Wempikiswano ezisetyenziswa ucikido kukho amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngokunxulumene close kwaye imele uhlobo ubungqina. Zakha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo okufanayo, leyo sinxulumene series.

On Ngokomzekelo, cinga ingxelo kufuna ubungqina "metal afunyenwe phakathi nokuhlola -. Hayi sodium" Ukungqina le ngxelo, le ngxubusho ilandelayo:

1. iintsimbi Zonke kwealkali kwi amanzi lobushushu igumbi ibolile.

2. Isiqalelo setyuwa yi i metal kwealkali. Ngenxa yoko, ibola amanzi.

3. I-metal wambumba ngexesha amanzi experiment ayikho ibolile. Ngoko ke, lo metal isiphumo - akukho sodium.

Njengoko ubona, zonke iingxoxo babesebenzisa ayinyaniso, ubungqina bokuba kwenzeka ngenxa esweni, ukushwankathela amava elidlulileyo, nokuqiqa syllogistic. Inkqubo ubungqina apha usekwe phezu nokuqiqa ezimbini, enye nokulandelelana efunekayo kule meko enye.