Amazwe alungu le-ASEAN: uluhlu

Ngo-Agasti 8, 1967, ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe kwintlangano enye kwafezwa kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia. Amazwe angamazwe ase-ASEAN achaza ezimbini iinjongo ezisemthethweni zoMbutho: ukukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwentsebenziswano yenkcubeko nentlalo phakathi kwamalungu entlangano kunye nokuzinza nokuqinisa uxolo kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia.

Ukulandelelana kokungena

Ekuqaleni, uMbutho unamalungu amahlanu: iMalaysia, i-Indonesia, iThailand, iSingapore, ePhilippines. Ngowe-1984, amazwe ase-ASEAN ayamkela kwilizwe laseBrunei Darussalam.

Ngo-1995, i-Vietnam yongezwa, ngo-1997-iMyanmar neLaos, kwaye ngo-1999-eCambodia. Ngeli xesha, amazwe angamazwe ase-ASEAN anamalungu ayishumi eMbutho wabo. I-Papua - i-New Guinea kunye negunya lomcebisi okhethekileyo.

Imisebenzi yoMbutho

Ngaphambi kokuba umbutho umsebenzi ubunzima, kunamacandelo amaninzi: ukuguqula eli qela leengingqi kwiziko lehlabathi lezopolitiko lezopolitiko lehlabathi elithile, kwaye lo msebenzi wawukusemphambili, kubalulekile ukwenza amaziko okurhweba kunye nendawo yokutyalomali.

Kodwa oku akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokungeniswa kweyunithi yecandelo elilodwa kunye nokudala iziseko zezoqoqosho zolu hlobo olwandisiweyo. Kwaye ukuze uzalisekise konke oku ngasentla, kufuneka udale isakhiwo esikhethekileyo sokulawula. Ngale nto kwaye kwagqitywa isigqibo sokuqala.

Inkathazo ka-1997

Imali yehlabathi kunye neengxaki zemali ngo-1997 ayikwazanga kodwa ithintela i-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia. Amazwe angamazwe ase-ASEAN aphumelele kwizilingo ezinzima, njengoko iziphumo zeengxaki ziye zinefuthe elibi kwikhosi yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko. Kwangaphantsi kwaya eSingapore naseBrunei, kodwa nabo banqoba zonke iintlobo zobunzima kwiminyaka emibini. Amazwe asele ayingxenye ye-ASEAN ayesecaleni lokungena kuMbutho.

Nangona kunjalo, "ezilishumi" zaqhubeka nomgaqo wokudibanisa kwimiba yezoqoqosho, ngokuwunqoba lo vavanyo waza womeleza ukuzimisela ukuba angashiyi izicwangciso kwinqanaba lomgwaqo. Ukunyamezela kwabo kwavuzwa: ekupheleni kuka-1999, ezininzi izinto ezimbi zange zanqotshwa, kwaye, ngokubanzi, kwabonakala ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho kuqalise, kufinyelela ngaphantsi kwama-6 ekhulwini ngo-2000.

Ulwakhiwo

Iqumrhu eliphezulu lombutho, elisekwa ngamazwe ase-ASEAN, iintlanganiso zoorhulumente kunye neentloko zorhulumente, ezijongene nayo yonke imibuzo ebalulekileyo ephakanyisiweyo kuMbutho. Ulawula kwaye uququzelele izenzo zentlanganiso yonyaka, eqhutywe kwizinga le-MFA, kwilizwe ngalinye (COM). Ukhokelo lwangoku yikomiti ehlala phantsi, ekhokelwa nguNgqongqoshe welizwe langaphandle apho kubanjwa i-COM elandelayo.

Ukongeza, uNobhala-mali, ophethwe nguNobhala-Jikelele, usebenza rhoqo kwisixeko saseJakarta. Kukho iikomiti ezizodwa ezilishumi elinanye kuzo zonke iintsimi zomsebenzi. Ngaphakathi kwe-ASEAN, amazwe athatha inxaxheba, abhalwe apha ngasentla, ubambe iziganeko ezingaphezu kwemashumi amathathu ngonyaka. Isiseko somthetho saqalwa ngokutsha ngo-1976 (iTraate Treaty, exhasa ubuhlobo kunye nentsebenziswano kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia).

U qoqosho

Ummandla wezoqoqosho kwicandelo le-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia liphantsi kweengozi eziphezulu, ngoko amazwe eMbutho aqhuba umgca wokukhulula kunye nokuhlanganiswa ngesiseko sesiVumelwano ekudalweni kweendawo zokuhweba zamahhala (AFTA), iSivumelwano soMgaqo-mali kwiZakhiwo zoTyalo-mali (AIA) neSivumelwano esisisiseko kwiSikimu sokuBambisana kwezoBucala (AICO) .

Ekubeni inkqubo yokuphuhliswa inokukhethwa kwithuba elide, elaphuhliswa liqela leengcali zenzululwazi kunye nezopolitiko, oosomashishini kunye neenkokheli zemikhosi, i-ASEAN iceba ukufezekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kunaseYurophu. Kwaye oku: ukuhlanganiswa kwebhanki yelizwe ngokubanzi, amabutho ahlangeneyo kunye namapolisa kuMbutho wonke, amasebe adibeneyo, umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle kunye nesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Kwaye oku kukude kuzo zonke izicwangciso amazwe ase-ASEAN azakhele wona. Uluhlu lwazo aluzaliswa, kodwa konke kunokwenzeka.

AFTA

Iqela elidibeneyo lokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ase-Asia, oludibeneyo nemisebenzi efanayo yoqoqosho, yi-ASEAN indawo yokurhweba yamahhala. "Wavuthwa" kwintlanganiso yesine yoorhulumente kunye neentloko zombuso ngo-1992. Ekuqaleni kwakukho amazwe amathandathu kuphela, kwaye oku kwaqhubeka kwade kwafika ngo-1996, xa iVietnam ijoyina i-AFTA kunye nokufikelela kwi-ASEAN. Kancinci de kube ngowama-1999, ubulungu banda kwababafundi abathathu.

Ziziphi amazwe amalungu e-ASEAN ayaziwa. Yaye yintoni enye inokujoyina uMbutho kwixa elizayo? I-Papua eNew Guinea ikhangele phambili kumaxhepha. Indawo yokurhweba yamahhala yenziwa ngeso liso lokuthengiswa kwee -subregional yokuthengisa ukuze kusebenze urhwebo ngaphakathi kwe-ASEAN. Iimimiselo zokukhula kwezo zorhwebo kufuneka zithintele ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho kumazwe abo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu - ukuhlanganiswa kwezombusazwe kunye nokuqhagamshelana kwintsebenziswano kumazwe athile angaphantsi kwamazantsi ase- Asia- mpuma .

CEPT

Indawo yokurhweba yamahhala idinga ithuluzi loqoqosho olukhethekileyo. I-ASEAN inesivumelwano malunga nomrhumo oqhelekileyo weentlawulo (CEPT). Wonke amazwe athatha inxaxheba atyikitye lesi sivumelwano kwintlanganiso yaseSingapore ngo-1992. Isicwangciso esamkelweyo se-CEPT sihlula yonke imveliso kwiintlobo ezine. Iyokuqala - kunye nenqanaba leerhafu, phantsi kokunciphisa ngokwexesha eliqhelekileyo okanye elikhawulezileyo. Eli qela leempahla liyi-88% yesitenamenti esithengiweyo sempahla yelizwe lonke le-ASEAN kwaye isanda.

Ezi zimbini zilandelayo zeempahla ziluhlu lokuthintela. Omnye wabo ubonisa iimpahla ezibalulekileyo kulo hlanga. Ukhuseleko, ukukhuselwa kokuziphatha, kwimpilo yabantu kunye nobomi, kunye ne-fauna kunye ne-flora, yonke imifanekiso yobugcisa, i-archaeological and historical values. Udidi lwesibini lweempahla zokubamba iimeko ezingekho phantsi kohlengahlengiso lwemali ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho lwasekhaya, kwaye kukho ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza kwinani leempahla. Udidi lwesine - iimveliso zokusetyenziswa kwezolimo - okokuqala kwakungabandakanywa ngokupheleleyo kwi-scheme ye-CEPT. Kodwa ngowama-1995, iimeko ezikhethekileyo zenziwa ukunciphisa intlawulo kwiiqela zeempahla.

Intsebenziswano yoshishino

Ukwandisa ukhuphiswano lweempahla eziveliswe kwinqanaba le-ASEAN kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukutsala utyalo-mali kulo mmandla, iintlobo ezintsha zentsebenziswano yamashishini zaziswa. Isivumelwano esiSiseko (AICO) samazwe angamazwe ase-ASEAN asayinwe ngo-1996.

Ngaphantsi kwesi sikimu, i-AIKO ibizwa ukuba ilawulwe ukuveliswa kwemveliso, ngaphandle kweemveliso ezibandakanya uLuhlu lweZiphulo phantsi kweSivumelwano se-CEPT. Ngoku oku kusebenza kuphela kwimveliso yezoshishino, kodwa kucetywayo ukungenelela kwamanye amacandelo oqoqosho. Kwaye ininzi yeeparitha kwiinkqubo zentsebenziswano yoshishino ziye zatshintshwa. Izindlela zokuhlawula iintlawulo kunye neendlela ezingekho kwemirhumo zenziwa ngokubanzi.

Iinjongo ze-AICO

Okokuqala, ikhosi ithathwa ekwandiseni imveliso, ukwandisa inani kunye nomgangatho wotyalo-mali kumazwe ase-ASEAN avela kumazwe asithathu, ukuqinisa ukuhlanganisana, ukwandisa urhwebo lwasekhaya, ukuphucula isiseko sobuchwepheshe, ukunqoba imarike yehlabathi kunye nemveliso yokukhuphisana, ukukhuthaza, ukukhula nokuphuhliswa kwamashishini abucala. Imeko yokudalwa kwenkampani nganye entsha kukuthatha ubuncinane ubuncinane amabhizinisi amabini kumazwe ahlukeneyo angama-30 ekhulwini kwi-capital.

Kukho inani lezinto ezikhethiweyo - iirhafu ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo ukusuka kwithuba lokudala, okunika inzuzo xa kuthelekiswa nabavelisi, okuya kuthi ngokwe-CEPT, kuya kufinyelela kule nqanaba kuphela kwiminyaka embalwa. Ukongezelela oku, ukukhethwa kwee-non-tax rates kuyacatshangelwa - ukufumana iziganeko, kubandakanywa. Ukuba umvelisi uvuselela ishishini elivela kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nezinto ezigqityiweyo ekugqibeleni kwimveliso yokugqibela, i-AICO inikeza izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo - iirhafu ezikhethiweyo nezorhwebo ezingenakuvinjelwa kwiimakethi ze-ASEAN, ngelixa ukufikelela kwimveliso ephakathi kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo zikhutshwe kakhulu.

AIA

Ukudalwa kwendawo yotyalo-mali kubangelwa kwisiVumelwano esiPhambili se-1998. Ummandla onjalo uhlanganisa zonke iindawo ze-ASEAN, kwaye utyalo-mali lwasemakhaya nolwasemzini luyakhangwa ngokuthengiswa kwemali: abatyali-mali banikezelwa ulawulo lukazwelonke, ukukhutshwa kweerhafu, ukucinywa kwezithintelo kwiindawo ezininzi, kwaze kwavumela utyalo-mali kumacandelo angenakufikeleleka koqoqosho, ngaphandle kwalawo akwiNcwadi yoKucinywa kwexeshana okanye Uluhlu oludumileyo.

Ubungqina bolu Mvumelwano kukuba luxhalaba kuphela utyalo-mali oluchanekileyo, ngaphandle kokulimaza utyalo-mali. Amazwe angamazwe ase-ASEAN anemibono ephawulekayo kwinqanaba lophuhliso loqoqosho lwamazwe, ngoko ke iSivumelwano soMgaqo-nkqubo saqulunqwa ngokubhekiselele ekunciphiseni ngokuthe gqithwa koLuhlu lwezithuba zesikhashana zokukhanyela - kodwa kungekhona kubo bonke, kodwa kuphela kwi-Indonesia, eBrunei, ePhilippines, eMalaysia, eThailand naseSingapore-ngo-2010 Ngonyaka. Kamva, amazwe ajoyina i-ASEAN ayesebenzise uLuhlu ixesha elide. IBhunga le-AIA lenze uluhlu lwazo zonke ngo-2003.