Wormholes esithubeni. mbono mkhulu

yonke iinkwenkwezi uyazifihla iimfihlelo ezininzi. Ngokutsho ingcamango jikelele ka (GTR), eyasekwa yi-Einstein, siphila -ntathu emine isithuba-ixesha. Kuyinto egosogoso nondiliseko, iqhelekile sonke, kubonisa yale propati. bend mbandela, "egobile" isithuba ngeenxa zonke kubo, kwaye ngaphezu kwayo kunakuqala. Space, indawo kunye nexesha - konke oku esinomdla isihloko kakhulu. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda ngokuqinisekileyo into entsha ngazo.

Umbono esime

nezinye ezininzi gravitation, apho ukhona namhlanje amakhulu yonke, eyahlukileyo iinkcukacha ezivela kwezinto jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi yeengcinga ngeenkwenkwezi kuhlala into engundoqo - ingcamango amagophe. Ukuba indawo egosogoso, oko kuthathwa ukuba singathatha, umzekelo, imilo kummandla umbhobho kokuxhuma, ezo ezahlulwe ezininzi kuThixo ukukhanya-iminyaka. Kwaye mhlawumbi nokuba ubudala, ukude enye kwenye. Ngapha koko, akukho sithetha thina ngokuphathelene nasemajukujukwini, eziqhelekileyo kuthi, kodwa isithuba-ixesha, xa sijonga le isithuba. Umngxuma kulo angavela kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Sinikezela ukuba uqhelane kunye isenzeko umdla wormholes.

Ingcamango yokuqala wormholes

indawo Deep nezinto eziyimimangaliso ayo esifubeni. Iingcinga kwi ugobile wabonakala ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ipapashwe yi-General kwezinto. L. Flamm, i yamachiza Austria ngowe-1916 wathi lunokubakho wew lomhlaba emngxunyeni ethile, edityaniswe imihlaba emibini. Yezibalo N. Rosen kunye Albert Einstein ngo-1935, waphawula ukuba isisombululo elula ezi zibalo kwisikhokelo ka jikelele, echaza imithombo kagesi okanye cala ekwanti, ekudaleni intsimi omxhuzulane, abe isakhiwo "ibhulorho" lomhlaba. Oko kukuthi, qhagamshela yonke ezimbini, ababini phantse tyaba kwaye efanayo isithuba-ixesha.

Kamva, ezi zakhiwo lwendawo baqala ukubizwa ngokuba "wormholes", nto leyo kunokuba inguqulelo ukhululekile kuwo IsiNgesi igama wormhole. Kuhle Futshane inguqulelo yakhe - "wormhole" (in space). Rosen kwaye Einstein akazange ukuvala amathuba yokusebenzisa le "kwo" ukuchaza kubo ngoncedo amasuntswana asisiqalelo. Eneneni, kulo mzekelo, kwisuntswana luhlobo nje lomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, imfuno kukhombisa umthombo isigxina okanye aliveli ngqo ubunzima. A mkhanya lwangaphandle kude xa wormhole ineenkalo engabonakali, ubona nendawo eyintsusa yako kuphela intlawulo kunye ubunzima ngoxa kwenye yezi izithuba.

"Bridges" Einstein-Rosen

Kwelinye icala emngxunyeni siquka lwelayini kagesi, yaye abanye baya kuphuma, hayi nesiphelo kunye nokuqala naphi na. G .. Wheeler, waseMelika physics, ngesi sihlandlo wathi ukuba kuvela "simahla ngaphandle kwentlawulo" yaye "ubunzima ngaphandle mass." Akukho mfuneko kule meko ukuqwalasela ukuba friend kusetyenziswa ukudibanisa uhlobo lwendawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Akukho kanga kwaye kuya kuba kwingcinga yokuba wormhole ezimbini "umlomo" kuphuma kwindalo iphela efanayo, kodwa ngamaxesha angafaniyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuyo. Kubonakala ukuba into efana i "handle" usikrobana ukuba ukuthunga ihlabathi phantse tyaba njengesiqhelo. Imigca ye amandla e emlonyeni, nto leyo iqondwe njenge intlawulo elibi (umzekelo, electron). Imbobo ukuba ibekwe kuzo, kukho intlawulo entle (i). Njengoko kwiinginginya, ukuba macala omabini ziyafana.

Iimeko ukwakhiwa "kwo" Einstein-Rosen

Lo mfanekiso, nazo zonke iindawo ezinika umdla ayo, akukho kwalutyhutyha nokwakheka amasuntswana sabaqalayo, njengoko ezahlukahlukeneyo yezizathu. Akukho lula ukuba bafakele "ibhulorho" Einstein-Rosen iimpawu umyinge, nto leyo nayo ezisegumbini sekuba. Oku "ibhulorho", kwaye ayakhekanga yi amaxabiso eyaziwayo kwentlawulo kunye ubunzima amasuntswana (protons kunye electron). isisombululo "Electric" endaweni qikelela a sikhethekileyo "ze", oko kukuthi, indawo apho endle sombane kunye ugobile sithuba yenziwa obungunaphakade. Kwindawo enjalo ingqiqo isithuba-ixesha, enoba ugobile into ngamampunge, kuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukusombulula iikoteshini ezinenani olungenasiphelo amagama.

GTR Xa ayisebenzi?

Ngokwawo, ithiyori jikelele ka ithi ngqo ngqo xa ngaba luyayeka ukusebenza. Entanyeni, kwindawo "ibhulorho" kwaza, kuye kubekho yaphula ngobuqhophololo zo xhulumaniso. kufuneka Wathi ke kuyo, into engenamsebenzi. Ngokwembono neliso qelele kule entanyeni ixesha stop. Into yokuba Einstein kunye Rosen ingqalelo entanyeni, ngoku kuchazwa isiganeko liphuma emngxunyeni omnyama (a ityala okanye cala) i. Rays okanye amasuntswana evela kumacala ahlukeneyo, "ibhulorho" beyela "iindawo" ezahlukeneyo kolundi. Phakathi kwezona ekhohlo nasekunene kuyo, ethetha kakhulu, kuba endle non-static. Ukuze uphumelele indawo asinakukwazi, usoyise.

Ukungakwazi ucanda emngxunyeni omnyama

Kwisiphekepheke, leyo ikufuphi kolundi kubalulekile kakhulu enkulu kuyo umngxuma emnyama ezifana iqina ngonaphakade. Imiqondiso mbalwa ukufikelela kuye ... Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ngomqukumbelo lwewotshi esi sikhephe kufikelelwa kwixesha ezisikelwe. Xa inqanawa (okanye umqadi ube mnye yamasuntswana ukukhanya) udlula kuyo, kungekudala uza waphumla kwi sikhethekileyo. Le yindawo apho ugobile iba ayiphele ndawo. Sikhethekileyo (kwi indlela kuwo) emzimbeni eyandisiweyo nakanjani eyaphukileyo netyumkileyo. Oku ubunyani isixhobo abamnyama umngxuma.

izifundo phambili

Ngowe-1916-17 gg. zaye Safumana izisombululo Reissner-Nordström kunye Schwarzschild. Zichazwe imingxuma abamnyama spherically macala kagesi cala. Kodwa Physics kuphela bakwazi ukuqonda izithuba geometry data enzima kuphela Ekuveleni nenani-1950-60. Kwaba lelo xesha ke D. A. Uiler, eyaziwa ngokuba umsebenzi wakhe kwithiyori womxhuzulane, kunye physics yenyukliya, wacebisa ukuba igama elithi "wormhole" kunye "black hole". Ndafumanisa ukuba azenzeki kwizikhewu Reissner-Nordström kunye Schwarzschild wormholes esithubeni. Bona azibonakali ngokupheleleyo okhangeleka kumbukeli ekude, ngathi emngxunyeni omnyama. Kwaye, njengabo, wormholes esithubeni ngonaphakade. Kodwa ukuba umhambi ingena kunina, baza ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba kuwo ukuyisonga ayikwazi ukubhabha nayiphi ray ukukhanya okanye yamasuntswana enkulu, hayi yintoni na inqanawa. Ukuze undize enye umlomo, ngokudlulisela sikhethekileyo, kufuneka ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu ukukhanya. Okwangoku, yemvelo bakholelwa ukuba uqina le supernova amandla kunye mba ngokwesiseko engenakwenzeka.

imingxunya Black Schwarzschild kunye Reissner-Nordström

emngxunyeni Schwarzschild emnyama kungathathwa abamenzelayo ivaleke wenkukhu. Njengoko for the black hole Reissner-Nordström, oko ngake xaka ngakumbi, kodwa ivaleke. Kunjalo ukuba akhwele uchaze wormholes-mbini emine emajukujukwini enokuba kudlula, akukho nzima kakhulu. Omnye isidingo Pick kuphela le fom eyimfuneko metric. Le tensor metric, okanye metric, - iseti eziguquguqukayo, esebenzisa leyo, umntu ukubala amathuba-mbini ezine ezikhoyo phakathi amanqaku-iziganeko. Le iseti eziguquguqukayo olwahlula ngokupheleleyo ke intsimi omxhuzulane, kunye nejiyometri isithuba-ixesha. wormholes umnqamlezo Geometric emajukujukwini, kulula ngaphezu imingxuma abamnyama kanye. Abanalo zexa ezikhokelela iintlekele ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha ungaya phambili ngamathuba ohlukeneyo, kodwa akufuneki ngexesha elifanayo ezingenakuphela uyeke okanye kukhawuleziswe.

imigca emibini wormholes zophando

Nature ubeke asisithintelo ukuvela wormholes. Noko ke, umntu yenzelwe ukuze xa kukho umqobo, apho kusoloko bakulungele usoyise. Yaye izazinzulu akukho ngaphandle. Iinkqubo ezi nkolelo abo sisajongisisa wormholes lungohlulwa lube kwiindawo ezimbini ezihlobeneyo. KwiVangeli ebhalwe nguye ubalisa kunye ingqalelo lweziqhamo zazo kwangethuba kucingelwa ukuba azenzeki wormholes. Abameli kwicala lesibini ukuzama ukuqonda oko nendlela ukuze babonakale, iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze ukuvela kwazo. Umsebenzi kweli cala mkhulu kuqala, mhlawumbi, ukuba mnandi kakhulu. Ukuze oku ziquka ukufuna njengezibonelo wormholes, kwakunye isifundo iimpawu zazo.

Impumelelo ye zesayensi Russian

Kwathi kanti, iimpawu nendaba leyo yolwakhiwo wormholes a eziphathekayo kuzaliseka ngenxa nokwehlukana amasimi cleaner umyinge. zesayensi Russian Sergey Sushkov kunye Arkady Popov, kunye umkhenkethi Spanish uDavide Hochberg kunye Sergei Krasnikov kutshanje wafikelela kwesi sigqibo. Sivula kule meko ayikho ungalanjathiswa. Le meko quantum luphawulwa amandla esekugqibeleni, oko kukuthi, intsimi apho kungekho amasuntswana ngokwenene. Kule intsimi, nokuba rhoqo ngababini yamasuntswana "enembonakalo yenyani" shwaka phambi kokuba bafumanisa izixhobo, yangamagqabi uphawu lwalo ngohlobo tensor lwamandla, okt ukubetha, luphawulwa ngeempawu ezingaqhelekanga. Ngaphandle kokuba iimpawu umyinge lomba kakhulu wabonakaliswa sekuba, wormholes, kwamzeleyo ngabo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, unako ukufikelela ubungakanani obukhulu. Omnye amanqaku Krasnikova, ngasendleleni, ubizwa ngokuba "Intsongelo wormholes."

umbuzo wefilosofi

Ukuba wormholes kuze kuba nako ukwakha okanye ufumanise ummandla bulumko, ezinxulumene nokutolikwa inzululwazi, bajamelana neengxaki ezintsha, ndimele ndithi, kuba nzima kakhulu. Ngawo onke amasango ixesha ebonakala lendaba kunye nemiba enzima enxulumene causation, le ndawo inzululwazi, mhlawumbi ngaxesha lithile oku baya kuqonda. Kanye njengokuba kuqondwa ngexesha lakhe neengxaki ubucukubhede quantum kwaye zidalwe kwithiyori Einstein kaThixo kwezinto. Space, indawo kunye nexesha - zonke ezi imiba kuzo zonke izigaba zexesha, unomdla kubantu kwaye kungenzeka ukuba ube nomdla kuthi ngamaxesha onke. Ukuze ubazi kakuhle nzima baphumelele. Space lokuhlola akunakwenzeka ukuba ube ugqityiwe.